第一篇:初中英语知识点总结:动词知识点总结
初中英语知识点总结:动词知识点总结
(一)掌握动词的现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词四种形式的构成规则;
1、动词现在时的第三人称单数的构成:
词尾加-s look-looks find-finds
以s,x,ch,sh或o结尾词尾加-es watch-watches,push-pushes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾变y为i再加-es fly-flies,apply-applies
2、动词的过去式及过去分词的构成:
①规则动词的变化:
词尾加-ed look-looked,looked
以e结尾词尾加-d live-lived,lived
以“辅音字母+Y”结尾,变y为i,再加-ed carry-carried,carried
以重读闭音节或r音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母双写该辅音字母,再加-ed stop-stopped
②不规则动词的变化。(略)
3、动词的现在分词的构成:
直接加-ing look-looking watch-watching
以e结尾去e加-ing come-coming move-moving
以重读闭音节或r音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写该辅音字母,再加-ing swim-swimming
以ie结尾且为重读开音节变ie加y再加ing die-dying lie-lying
(二)掌握动词六种时态的基本结构,主要用法及区别(一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去进行时、现在进行时和现在完成时)
1、一般现在时
①一般现在时常用来表示现在习惯或经常反复发生的动作,与always,usually,often,sometimes,every day(week,month)等连用;表示现在的事实或状态;表示主语所具有的特征,性格和能力;以及表示客观事实或普遍其理。
②一般现在时的构成:
一般现在时通常以动词原形表示,但当主语是第三人称单数时,动词原形后需加-s或-es。
She likes biology very much.她非常喜欢生物。
They often go to school by bike.他们通常骑车上学。
2、一般过去时
①一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示过去时间的副词如:yesterday,last week,two hours ago等连用;表示过去一段时间经常或反复发生的动作,这时可与频度副词often,usually,always等连用;表示过去发生的一连串动作,以及在时间和条件状语从句中,用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。
②一般过去时的构成:一般过去时由动词的过去式构成。
We met each other on the street yesterday.我们昨天在街上碰见了。
She often went swimming last year.她去年经常去游泳。
They moved the chairs to the table,sat down and began to have supper.他们把椅子搬到桌边,坐下开始吃饭。
Mary told me that she would stay at home if it rained.玛丽告诉我如果下雨她就呆在家里。
3、一般将来时
①一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语如next month,tomorrow,in a week,soon等连用。
②一般将来时的构成:
(1)一般将来时由“助动词will/shall+动词原形”构成。其中shall主要用于主语是第一人称(I和we)的疑问句中。
(2)也可以用“be going to+动词原形”这个结构来表示根据目前迹象很有可能发生的某件事情,或是打算、计划、以及决定要做某件事情等。
They will have a class meeting next Tuesday.他们下周二将举行班会。
We shall meet at the school gate.我们将在学校大门口见。
It is going to rain.要下雨了。
4、现在进行时
①现在进行时表示现在正在进行或发生的动作,常与now,at present,at this,moment等连用;或与these days,this week/month等连用,表示现阶段正在进行的动作。有时还与always,continually,forever等词连用,表示反复出现的动作,代替一般现在时,表达说话人强烈的感情。如赞扬、不满、讨厌等。如:588.es
He is always asking such silly questions.他老是提这类愚蠢的问题。
②现在进行时的构成:
现在进行时由“be(am/is/are)+V-ing”构成。
They are watching TV now.他们正在看电视。
The dog is enjoying his meal.小狗正在吃饭。
5、过去进行时
①过去进行时的用法与现在进行时用法相同,只不过参照的时间基准点不同。
过去进行表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。一般和特定的时间状语或状语从句连用。如:then,at that time,at eight yesterday,this time yesterday,when he came in等。
②过去进行时的构成与现在进行时类似,只不过把be(am,is,are)变为过去式(was,were)
They were watching TV at that time.他们那会正在看电视。
The dog was enjoying his meal at this time yesterday.小狗昨天这个时候正在吃饭。
6、现在完成时
①表示动作已经完成,但后果或影响仍在,常与already,just,yet等副词连用;或是表示过去发生的动作一直持续到现在,常与for或since引导的一段时间状语连用。
②现在完成时由助动词“have/has+过去分词”构成。
He has already come back.他已经回来了。
He has lived here for three years.他在此住了两年了。
(三)掌握系动词be,look,feel,smell,get,become,turn,keep等的基本用法
常见的连系动词有:become,turn,get,grow,keep,feel,look,seem,smell,fall等。它们后面常接形容词,构成系表结构。
Please keep the classroom clean.请保持教室的干净。
The bread looks very fresh.这些面包看上去很新鲜。
(四)了解过去将来时、过去完成时态的基本用法;
①过去将来时表示从过去某一时点看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时和一般将来时的构成相同,只是把will,shall变为过去式would,should,把助动词be的过去式变为过去式was或were而已。如:
They were going to have a meeting.他们曾打算开会。
②过去完成时表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的行为或存在的状态。与现在完成的用法相同,只不过作为衡量基准点的时间点不同,现在完成时以现在作为衡量的基准点,而过去完成时则以过去某个时刻作为基准点。它表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”,常by,before引导的时间状语连用。如:
By the time he was ten,Edison had built a lab for himself.到爱迪生10岁时,他已给自己建了一个实验室。
She said she had worked in that hospital for 20 years.她说她已在那所医院工作20年了。
(五)掌握助动词be,do,have,shall,will的基本用法;
助动词是“辅助性”动词,一般没有词义,不能单独作谓语,但可用来帮助构成谓语,表示不同的时态,语态,和数的变化。
常见的助动词有:
(1)be(am,is,are,was,were,being,been)与现在分词结合,构成各种进行时态;或与过去分词结合构成被动语态。
I’m looking for my pen.我正在找我的笔。(现在进行时)
These cups are made in China.这些杯子是中国制造的。(被动语态)
(2)have(has,had,having)与过去分词结合,构成完成时。
They have known each other for twenty years.他们互相认识有二十年了。(现在完成时)
He had built a chemistry lab for himself at the age of ten.他十岁时就已经为自己建了一个化学实验室。(过去完成时)
(3)do(does,did)助动词do后只能跟动词原形,与not及其他动词结合构成否定句,或置于主语之前构成疑问句。
He does not speak English.他不说英语。
When did he come back?他什么时候回来的?
(4)will(would),shall(should)will能用于一般将来时的任何人称后;would是will的过去时,能用于过去将来时;两者后面都接动词原形。
The plane will arrive in ten minutes.飞机十分中后将要到达。
I was sure we would win.我确信用我们会赢。
shall与should这两个助动词本身没有词义,shall只能用于一般将来时的第一人称后;should是shall的过去时,只能用于过去将来时的第一人称后;两者后面都接动词原形。
We shall meet at the school gate tomorrow.我们明天将在校门口见。
I told them that I should do the work alone.我告诉他们我将独自做那项工作。
(一)掌握情态动词can,must,need,may等基本句型结构及主要用法
①情态动词在英文中是“辅助性”动词,用来表示说话人的语气或情态,包括请求、命令、允诺、可能、需要、敢于、愿望、义务、能力等。情态动词本身有词义,但词义不完全,不能单独用作谓语,没有人称和数的变化,且后面只跟动词原形。
②情态动词的种类:
can could能
may might可以(或许)
must must(had to)必须(不得不)
will would愿意
shall should应该
need needed需要
dare dared敢于
③can的用法
(1)表示体力或脑力方面的“能力”,也能表示根据客观条件能做某事的“能力”。
The boy can swim very well.Who can answer this question?
(2)表示允许
The students can leave after the meeting.When can I get the news?
(3)表示推测
It can be wrong.Who can your new teacher next term?
④could的用法
(1)can的过去式,表示过去有能力及过去的可能性。
They could run very fast when they were young.Could you speak English at that time?
(2)表示客气地请求或委婉地陈述意见。
Could I borrow your bike?
Could you listen to me carefully?
(3)表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度
How could that be?
She couldn’t know me.⑤must的用法
(1).表示义务,命令或必要
You must finish it before 5 o’clock.Must I hand it in now?
(2).表示肯定的推测:一定
She must be a pretty girl.You must be wrong.⑥need的用法588.es
(1)表示“需要,必须”,主要用于否定句和疑问句中。
We need to pay more attention.Need I call him for you?
(2)need引导的疑问句,肯定回答时多用must,否定回答时用needn’t。
Need he come?他必须来吗?
Yes,he must.是的,必须来。
No,he needn’t.不,他不必来。
⑦may的用法
(1)表示请求、许可、可以
May I ask you some questions?
May we start now?
(2)表示推测说话人的猜测,认为某一事情“或许”或“可能”发生。
He may be 25 years old.We may come back in three days.(3)may用于感叹句中可以表示祝愿或愿望。
May you success!
May you have a nice trip!
⑧should的用法
should意思是“应该”,表示劝告或建议(=ought to)
Who should I meet this afternoon?
You should pack you bag quickly.(二)了解一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时三种时态的被动语态的结构形式及其基本用法
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。一般说来,只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表示被动意义。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词(p.p.)”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式,过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化亦如此。
1.一般现在时的被动语态(am/is/are+done)
English is spoken by lots of people in the world.世界上的许多人都说英语。
Class meeting is held every Thursday.每周四都举行班会。
The classroom is cleaned by the students every day.学生们每天都打扫教室。
2.一般过去时的被动语态(was/were+done)
The cup was broken by the boy.杯子被那个男孩打碎了。
He was saved at last.他最终获救了。
My bike was stolen.我的自行车被偷了。
3.一般将来时的被动语态(will/shall be+done;would/should be+done)
A speech will be given this afternoon.今天下午有一个演讲。
A new road will be built next year.明年要修一条新马路。
I think thousands of people will be helped.我认为将有数千人得到帮助。
(三)了解含有情态动词的被动语态的构成形式及其基本用法
情态动词的被动语态结构为:情态动词+be+过去分词;其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成,“be+过去分词”部分不变。如:
Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石头制造。
Tables could be made of stone at that time.那时桌子可由石头制造。(一般过去时)
Can tables be made of stone?桌子能用石头制造吗?(疑问句)
(四)动词不定式的基本用法
动词不定式在句子中可充当主语、宾语、表语和宾语补足语和状语(包括目的状语,结果状语和原因状语。)
1)作主语
To dance with you makes me happy.和你跳舞令我高兴。
It is difficult to drive in the mountains.(=To drive in the mountains is difficult.)
在山里开车很困难。
2)作宾语
①后接不定式作宾语的及物动词多是表示“意愿”、“企图”等的动词,如:
hope,want,wish,desire,like,decide,try,promise,refuse.I want to talk with her.我想和她谈谈。
She has decided to go.她已决定要走。
②在feel,find,think,consider,made等动词后如果是不定式作宾语,而补语是形容词,则通常用it作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语即不定式移至形容词之后。如:
I find it impossible to forget her.我发现忘掉她是不可能的。
He thought it necessary to take an umbrella.他认为带把伞是必要的。
3)作表语
Her wish is to be a teacher.他的愿望是成为一名教师。
Your duty is to clean the classroom.你的任务是打扫教室。
4)作宾语补足语
He wants me to come earlier.他想要我来得更早些。
The policeman ordered them to turn around.警察命令他们转过身。
5)作目的状语:
She opened the window to let some fresh air in.她打开窗子好让新鲜空气进来。
I went there to see her yesterday.昨天我去那儿看她了。
6)作结果状语:
He is too tired to go any further.他太累了,不能再走了。
He is not old enough to join the army.他年龄太小,不能参军。
7)作原因状语:
不定式跟在表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”的形容词之后,可以表示引起这些情感的原因。
I’m sorry to trouble you.真抱歉给你带来麻烦。
I’m glad to see you.见到你真高兴。
第二篇:初中英语知识点总结
初中复习资料
【初中英语词组总结】(see、hear、notice、find、feel、listen to、look at(感官动词)+do(比较级 and 比较级)表示越来越怎么样a piece of cake =easy小菜一碟(容易)agree with sb赞成某人all kinds of 各种各样a kind of 一样all over the world = the whole world整个 世界along with同……一道,伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去
the students planted trees along with their teachers学生同老师们一起种树As soon as一怎么样就怎么样as you can see 你是知道的ask for ……求助向…要…(直接接想要的东西)ask sb for sth向某人什么ask sb to do sth询问某人某事ask sb not to do叫某人不要做某事at the age of在……岁时at the beginning of …………的起初;……的开始at the end of +地点/+时间最后;尽头;末尾at this time of year在每年的这个时候be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心,自信be + doing表:1 现在进行时 2 将来时be able to(+ v 原)= can(+ v 原)能够……be afraid to do(of sth恐惧,害怕……be allowed to do被允许做什么be angry with sb生某人的气be angry with(at)sb for doing sth为什么而生某人的气be as…原级…as和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高be ashamed tobe away from远离be away from从……离开be bad for对什么有害be born出生于
be busy doing sth忙于做什么事be busy with sth忙于……
be careful当心;小心
be different from……和什么不一样
be famous for以……著名
be friendly to sb对某人友好
be from = come from来自
be full of 装满……的be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of waterthe glass is filled with water38 be glad+to+do/从句
be going to + v(原)将来时
be good at(+doing)= do well in在某方面善长, 善于……
be good for对什么有好处
be happy to do很高兴做某事
be helpful to sb对某人有好处
be in good health身体健康
be in trouble处于困难中
be interested in对某方面感兴趣
be late for = come late to 迟到eg: Be late for class上课迟到
be like像……eg : I'm like my mother
be mad at生某人的气
be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料)
be made of由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料)
be not sure 表不确定
be on a visit to参观
be popular with sb受某人欢迎
be quiet安静
be short for表**的缩写eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰
be sick in bed生病在床
be sorry to do sthbe sorry for sbeg : I am sorry for you
be sorry to hear that
be sorry to trouble sb
be strict in doingsth严于做某事
be strict with sb对某人要求严格
be strict with sb in sth某方面对某人严格
be supposed to do被要求干什么
be sure 表确定
be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心
be sure of sth对做某事有信心
be sure that sth对做某事有信心
be sure to do sth一定会做某事We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语
be terrified of + 名/动doing害怕……
be terrified to do sth害怕做某事
be the same as …和什么一样
be used to doing sth习惯做某事 My father is used to getting up early我爸爸习惯早
be worth doing值得做什么
be(feel)afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句
because+句子because of +短语
eg : He was late because he had a headacheHe was late because of his headache
begin to do = start to do 开始做某事start…with…=begin…with… 以什么开始什么
between…and…两者之间
borrow sth from sb向……借……lend sth to sb(lend sb sth借给……什么东西
both = the same(as)= not different(from)表相同
bother打扰bother sb to do sth
eg : I'm sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station
我十分道歉打扰你,但是你能告诉我怎么去车站
by the end of到……为止
call sb stheg : We call him old wang
catch up with sb赶上某人
chat with sb和某人闲谈take sb to + 地点带某人去某地
come in进
come over to过来
come up with提出eg: Can you come up with a good idea你能想出一个好办法吗?
communicate with sb 和某人交流
consider + doing考虑做什么eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou为什么不考虑去泸州?
dance to随着……跳舞
decide to do sth 决定做某事
do a survey of做某方面的调查
do better in在……方面做得更好
do wrong做错
Don't forget to do sth不要忘了做某事
Don't mind +doing /从句 /名词不要介意……
each +名(单)每一个…eg : Each student has many books每一个学生都有一些书 100 end up +doing101 enjoy +doing喜欢
escape from 从……逃跑
expect to do sth期待做某事
fall down摔下来 fall off从哪摔下来
fall in love with sb /sth爱上什么
far from离某地远
find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样
find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样 eg : I find the book interesting
finish 完成+doing(名词)
fit to sb = be fit for sb适合某人
forget to do 没有做而忘了forget doing做了而又忘了
from…to…从某某到某某eg: From me for her
get /have sth down 做完,被(别人)做…eg: I have my hair cut我理了发(头发被剪了)
Tom got his bad tooth pulled out汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了(被牙医拔掉了)
get a part-time job= find a part-time job
get along well with sb = get on well with sb与某人相处得好
get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处
get ready for = be ready for为什么而准备
get sb in to trouble给某人带来麻烦
get…from… 从某处得到某物
give a talk做报告
give sth to sbgive sb sth给某人某物
go fish 钓鱼go swimming 游泳
go on to do去做下一件事go on doing继续做这件事
go out away from远离go out of从….离开
go to school 上学(用于专业的)go to the school 去学校(不一定是上学)
good way to好方法
hate to do讨厌没做过的事hate doing讨厌做过的事
have a party for sb举办谁的晚会
have a talk听报告谈一谈
have been doing 现在完成进行时
have been to …(地方)……去过某过地方 have gone to …(地方)去了某地还没回来
have fun +doing玩得高兴
have sth to do有什么事要做
have to do sth必须做某事
have trouble(problem)(in)doing sth做什么事情有麻烦
have…time +doing
have…(时间)…off放……假139 hear sb +do/doing听见某人做某事/正在做某事
help a lot很大用处
help sb with sth one's sth帮助某人某事(某方面)help sb(to)do sth帮助某人做某事
hope to do sth希望做某事
How about(+doing)= What about(+doing)
how do you like= what do you think of你对什么的看法
if : 是否=wether
eg: I don't know if(wether)I should go to the party我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会
He don't know if(wether)we will arrive on timetomorrow morning他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达146 if :如果,假如(全部接一般时态)+条件语态从句
eg:I'll go to LuZhou if it does't rain假如明天不下雨,我就去泸州
If they change the plan they will let me know假如他们要改变计划,他们会让我知道的I'll go to England ,if I have enough money next year如果我明年由足够的钱,我就要去英国
in one's opinion = sb think某人认为
in some ways在某些方面
in the end = finally(adv)最后
in the north of…什么在什么的北方(north 北sowth 南west 西east 东)
151 in the sun在太阳下
152 increase增加
eg : They've increased the prece of petrol by 3%他们把石油价增加了3%
153 instead of+(名)代替
eg:I'd like an apple instead of a pear我想要苹果,而不要梨子
154 introduce sb to sb介绍某人给某人introduce oneself自我介绍
155 invite sb to do sth邀请某人做某事
156 It takes sb sometime to do sth做某人花掉某人多少时间
eg : It took me 5 minutes to do my homeworkIt takes me half an hour to cook
157 It's +adj +for sb to do sth对某人来说做某事怎么样
158 It's +adj +to do 做某事怎么样
159 It's +adj for sb对于某人来说怎么样It's+adjofsb对某人来说太怎么样
160 It's +adj(for sb)to do(对某人来说)做某事怎么样It's +adj of sb to do sth对某人来说做某事太怎么样eg : It's nice of you to help me with my English
161 It's a good idea for sb to do sth对……来说是个好主意
162 It's important to sb 对某人来说很重要eg: It's important to me
163 It's time to do sthIt's time for sth到了该去做某事的时间
eg : It's time to have classIt's time for class该去上课了
164 join = take part in参加
165 just now刚才
166 keep +sb /sth +adj /介词短语让什么保持什么样?
167 keep out不让 …… 进入
168 keep sb adj让……保持……keep healthy保持健康
169 key to +名词表示:某物的钥匙或某题的答案
170 key to…anserto …key可以是答题或钥匙
171 laugh at… 取笑……
172 learn by oneslfe自学
173 learn from sb向某人学习
174 learn to do sth学做某事
175 let sb do sth让某人做某事
176 Let sb down让某人失望eg : We shouldn't let our farents down我们不应该让我们的父母失望
177 live from :离某地远
178 live in +大地方 /at +小地方居住在某地
179 look after = take care of照顾 照看
180 lose one's way谁 迷 路
181 make a decision to do sth决定做某事
182 make friends with sb和谁成为朋友eg :I want to make friends with you
183 make it early把时间定的早一点
184 make on exhibition of oneself让某人出洋相
185 make sb /n +n使什么成为什么eg: I made her my step mollerI made you my wife
186 make sb /sth +adj使某人(某物)怎么样eg :You must made your bed clean
187 make sb /sth adj使某人/某物怎么样
188 make sb do sth让某人做某事
189 make upbe made up of(被动语态)由……组成190 make…differenceto…
191 mind sb to domind one's doing介意……做什么
192 most +名most of +代
193 much too +形容词
194 must be一定
195 need +名词
196 need sb do sth需要某人做某事
197 need to do(实义动词)need do(情态动词)
198 no /neithr of hate to dono /neithr of hate doing
199 no +名词
200 not anymore = no more再也不……eg: He didn't cry any more
201 not…(形、副)at alleg: He's not tall at allshe doesn't junp far at all
202 not…at all 一点都不
203 not…either表否定,也不eg : I don't japanse eitherI don't have sister, either我也没有姐姐204 not…until直到……才……
205 offer / provide sb with sth给某人提供
206 offer sb sth(offer sth to sb提供什么东西给某人eg : I offer you water(I offer water to you我给你提供水207 on one's way to…在谁去那的路上
208 on the one hand一方面on the other hand另一方面
209 on the phone = over the phone用电话交谈
210 on time 准时in time及时
211 one day =some day =someday一天,有一天
212 one of +可数名词的复数形式
213 one to another一个到另一个
214 over and over agin一遍又一遍的eg : He cleaned the floor over and over agin
215 part-time job兼职工作fall-time job全职工作
216 pay for…付……钱pay the bill开钱,付钱
217 please +do
218 please help yourself
219 pleased with sb
220 pool into = pore into
221 practice +doing练习做某事
222 prefer sth to sth相对……更喜欢……eg : I prefer physics to chemisty 在物理和化学中,我更喜欢物理prefer sb not to do sth更愿意…eg: I prefer her not to come我不喜欢她不来
223 pretend to do sth装着去做什么pretend that从句
eg : The two cheats pretended to be working very hard这两个骗子装着努力工作
224 rather…than宁可……也不……
eg : I would rather be a doctor than a teacher我愿肯当医生,也不当老师
225 regard…as把……当作……I regard you as my friend我把你当作我的朋友
226 remid sb about sth提醒某人什么事remid sb to do sth提醒某人做某事
eg : he remids me about cooking(he remids me to cook他提醒我做饭
227 remid sb of sth 使某人想起什么
the words that(which)the teacher talke to remind me of my mother
228 return sth to sb还什么东西给某人
229 say to oneself对自己说
230 say to sb 对某人说
231 sb spend somemoney on sth花了多少钱在某事上
232 sb spend sometime with sb花了多少时间陪谁
233 sb spend sometime(in)doing sth花了多少时间做某事
234 sb with sb +issb and sb +are
235 see sb do看见某人做过某事see sb doing看见某人正在做某事
236 seem to do/be +adj显得怎么样eg :You seem to be tiredYou seem to be happy237 send +sb sth送给某人某物
238 send…to…把什么寄到哪里去?
239 shock 使……震惊eg : Oh , It's only you!You give me a shock啊,是你呀!吓我一跳
240 show sb sth向某人展示某物
241 show sb sth = show sth to sb拿什么东西给某人看
242 show sth to sb 向某人展示某物
243 some…others…一些……另一些……
244 start…with…从……开始begin…with…从……开始
245 stay away from远离……
eg : We're told to stay away from the animals whe visiting the zoo当我们参观zoo 时,我们要远离动物246 stop doing 停下正在做的事
247 stop sb from doing sth阻止某人做某事
248 stop sb(from)doing阻止某人做某事
249 stop to do 停下正在做的事去做下一件事
250 such +名这样,这种
251 suit sb适合某人
252 surprise sb使某人惊奇to one's surprise令某人惊奇
253 take classes上课
254 take sb to 把某人带去eg : I take you to the hospital
255 take walks = take a walk = go for a walk散步
256 ①talk to 对谁说 ② talk with和谁说 ③ talk of谈到④ talkabout谈论关于……
257 talk with sb和某人说话
258 teach sb sth教某人做某事
259 tell sb do sth 告诉某人做某事
261 tell sb sth 告诉某人某事tell sb that 丛句tell sb not to do sth
262 tell sb 〔not〕to do sth告诉某人做什么
263 tell…from…区别
264 thank you for +doing
265 the same +名词(doing)+as……
266 the same…(名)…asas…(adj adv)…as相同
267 the way to do sth = the way of doing st做某方面 的方法 the way to +地方去哪的路e g :Do you know the way to learn EnglishDo you know the way of learning English
268 the way to…(地点)到哪的270 transalte ……into……把什么翻译成什么eg : Trasalte English into chinese
271 travel with sb和某人去旅游
272 try one's best to do sth尽某人最大的努力去做某事eg: I will try my best to learn English well
273 try to do sth想干什么,但没成功try doing sth想干什么,已经做过了
274 try…试衣服 have a try试一下
275 turn down 开小 ←→ turn up开大
276 turn off 关上 ←→turn on 打开 open拆开
277 upside down倒着
278 visit to…参观某个地方
279 wait for sb等某人
第三篇:初中英语知识点总结:一般过去时
知识点总结
一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为;过去主语所具备的能力和性格。我们可以先记一下一般过去时口诀:
一般过去时并不难,表示过去动作、状态记心间。
动词要用过去式,时间状语句末站。
否定句很简单,didn't 站在动词原形前,其它部分不要变。
一般疑问句也好变,did放在句子前,主语、动原、其它部分依次站。
特殊疑问句也简单,疑问词加一般疑问句记心间。
最后一条请注意,动词过去式要牢记。
一、基本结构
1.肯定句形式:主语+动词过去式+其他
否定句形式:①was/were+not;②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词
一般疑问句:①was/were提到句首;②Did+主语+do+其他?
例句She often came to help us in those days.I didn't know you were so busy.2.行为动词的一般过去式。A.规则动词的变化规则:
1、直接加ed:work—— worked look——looked play——played,2、.以e结尾的单词,直接加d:live ——lived hope——hoped use——used,3、以辅音字母+y结尾的,变y为i加ed:study—— studied carry——carried
4、以元音字母+y结尾的,直接加ed:enjoy ——enjoyed
5、以重读闭音节结尾的,双写最后的辅音字母+ed: stop—— stopped plan——planned B.规则动词过去式的发音:
在清辅音后读/t/,在元音和浊辅音后读/d/,在辅音/t/,/d/后读 /id/。
C.不规则动词变化需参看不规则动词表逐一熟记。(一般和过去分词一起记忆)。二、一般过去时的基本用法:
1.通常表示过去发生的而现在已经结束的事件、动作或情况。Eg.Sam phoned a moment ago.I got up at eight this morning.2.还可以表示刚刚发生的事情而没说明时间。
Eg.Did the telephone ring? Who left the door open? 3.也可以表示过去的习惯性动作。
Eg.I smoked 40 cigarettes a day till I gave up.4.与一般过去时连用的时间状语:
yesterday, last week/Sunday/year, …ago, just now…
eg.I met Lily yesterday.I went to Dalian last summer.I was a good student 5 years ago.He had dinner just now.常见考法
对于一般过去时的考查,多以单选、句型转换或词语运用的形式考查学生在具体语境中灵活运用时态的能力。在考试中,会让大家判断是否该用一般过去时,或动词过去式的正确变化,或一般过去时的句型构成。
典型例题1:1.Xiao Lin went fishing this morning.(改为一般疑问句)
解析:这是一道句型转换题,考查到同学们对一般过去时的句型构成的掌握。一般过去时的一般疑问句句型构成为:Did+主语+do+其他?,即句首加 Did,句中过去式还原。答案:Did Xiao Lin go fishing this morning? 误区提醒
有些句子,虽然没有表示过去确定时间的状语,但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话,也要用过去时,这一点,我们中国学生往往出错,要特别注意!
典型例题1:I didn''t know you(be)in Paris.解析:题干意思是“我不知道你在巴黎”。因为在说话时,我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前,所以只能用过去时表示。实际上,这句话暗指:But now I know you are here.答案:were
第四篇:初中英语人教版知识点总结
初中英语人教版知识点总结
一般现在时的用法
1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。
时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning.2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。
The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3)表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。
注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round..4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don’t want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back.第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。
2.一般过去时的用法
1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you go just now?
2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.3)句型:
It is time for sb.to do sth “到……时间了” “该……了” It is time sb.did sth.“时间已迟了” “早该……了” It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。
would(had)rather sb.did sth.表示’宁愿某人做某事’ I’d rather you came tomorrow.4)wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。
I thought you might have some.我以为你想要一些。
比较:
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。
Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)
Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)
Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。
1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。
Did you want anything else? I wondered if you could help me.2)情态动词 could, would.Could you lend me your bike? 3.used to / be used to
used to + do:“过去常常”表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。
Mother used not to be so forgetful.Scarf used to take a walk.(过去常常散步)
be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或“习惯于”,to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。
He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步)典型例题
----Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.----It’s 69568442.A.didn’t B.couldn’t C.don’t D.can’t
答案A.本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看 出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。
4.一般将来时
1)shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。
will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在争求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first.Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2)be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a.主语的意图,即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow? b.计划,安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。
c.有迹象要发生的事
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.3)be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4)be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.注意:be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
5.be going to / will
用于条件句时,be going to 表将来
will 表意愿
If you are going to make a journey, you’d better get ready for it a s soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.6.be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排)
I’m going to play football tomorrow afternoon.(主观安排)7.一般现在时表将来
1)下列动词:come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.2)倒装句,表示动作正在进行,如:
Here comes the bus.= The bus is coming.There goes the bell.= The bell is ringing.3)在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes(不是will come), ask him to wait for me.I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there.4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week.Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.11.用于现在完成时的句型
1)It is the first / second time….that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。
It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.2)This is the… that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时.This is the best film that I’ve(ever)seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。
This is the first time(that)I’ve heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。
典型例题
(1)---Do you know our town at all?---No, this is the first time I ___ here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming
答案B.This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。
(2)---Have you ____ been to our town before?---No, it’s the first time I ___ here.A.even, come B.even, have come C.ever, come D.ever, have come
答案D.ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。This is the largest fish I have ever seen.It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中,从句要用完成时。
注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
(错)I have received his letter for a month.(对)I haven’t received his letter for almost a month.12.比较since和for
Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。
I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born..My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.Some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976.I have known Xiao Li since she was a little girl.My brother has been in the Youth League for two years.I have not heard from my uncle for a long time.注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。
I worked here for more than twenty years.(我现在已不在这里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)
小窍门: 当现在完成时+一段时间,这一结构中,我们用下面的公式转化,很容易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。
1)(对)Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2)(错)Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.13.since的四种用法
1)since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。
I have been here since 1989.2)since +一段时间+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.3)since +从句
Great changes have taken place since you left.Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.4)It is +一段时间+ since从句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.被动语态的几种类型
1)主语句中有一个宾语的被动语态,如:
He saw her in the shop yesterday.She was seen in the shop yesterday.2)主语有两个宾语的被动语态
Li Lei gave me a chemistry book.I was given a chemistry book by Li Lei.A chemistry book was given to me by Li Lei.3)主动句中含宾语补足语的句子的被动语态
若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加“to”。此类动词为
感官动词:feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch The teacher made me go out of the classroom.--> I was made to go out of the classroom(by the teacher).We saw him play football on the playground.--> He was seen to play football on the playground.若宾语补足语是带to的不定式,那么被动语态仍保留to: Mother told me not to be late
I was told not to be late by mother.5)情态动词+ be +过去分词,构成被动语态。
Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.6)表示“据说”或“相信” 的词组
believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand
It is said that… 据说
It is reported that… 据报道
It is believed that… 大家相信
It is hoped that… 大家希望
It is well known that… 众所周知
It is thought that… 大家认为
It is suggested that… 据建议
It is taken granted that… 被视为当然
It has been decided that… 大家决定
It must be remember that…务必记住的是
It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.14.延续动词与瞬间动词
1)用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)I’ve known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)2)用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句,表示“做……直到……” 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示“到……,才……”
He didn’t come back until ten o’clock.他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o’clock.他一直睡到10点。
典型例题
1.You don’t need to describe her.I ___ her several times.A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet 答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。
2.---I’m sorry to keep you waiting.---Oh, not at all.I ___ here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be
答案A.等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现
.不定式作宾语
1)动词+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake 举例:
The driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2)动词+不定式 ; 动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom.我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom.我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3)动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that.请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can’t make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
2.不定式作补语
1)动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
例句:
a.Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b.We believe him to be guilty.我们相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法:
Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。
I found him lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English is important.典型例题:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead.A.lying B.lie C.lay D.laying
答案:A.find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
2)to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having invented
答案:A.由consider to do sth.排除B、D。.此句只说明发明这一个事实,不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响,因此不选C。
3)to be +形容词
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean… The book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4)there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
注意 : 有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard, think believe, take, consider.We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father.玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
.不定式作主语
1)It’s easy(for me)to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough It’s so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。
It’s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
2)It’s very kind of you to help us.他帮助我们,他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)例句:
It was silly of us to believe him.我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
注意:1)其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型
2)不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。
3)当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型
(对)To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
(错)It is to believe to see.4.It’s for sb.和 It’s of sb.1)for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:
It’s very hard for him to study two languages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It’s very nice of you to help me.你来帮助我,你真是太好了。
for 与of 的辨别方法:
用介词后面的代词作主语,用介词前边的形容词作表语,造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of,不通则用for。如:
You are nice.(通顺,所以应用of)。
He is hard.(人是困难的,不通,因此应用for。)3)祁使句(Imperative Sentence)
祈使句往往是用来表示说话人的请求、命令、要求、建议,等等。祈使句的主语常被省略,因为这个主语很明确地是听话人“you”。当然,有时为了强调或表示某种感情,句子也会带上主语。
祈使句的谓语用动词原形;它的否定形式是句首用Don't + 动词原形,或是Not to + 动词原形。例如:
Be quiet , please!(大家)请安静。
Stand up!起立!
Don't smoke in the office.请不要在办公室吸烟。
Don't be standing in the rain.别站在雨里。
Not to be careless when you're driving a car.开车时不要粗心大意。
4)感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence)
感叹句表示说话人的喜悦、气愤、惊讶等强烈的情绪。这类句子中,有很多是由What或How引起的。What 用来强调名词,How则强调形容词、副词或动词。这类句子的构成只需将所强调或是说,所感叹的对象放到句首;句子无需倒装,句子要用正常语序。当然,如果不用这种句型,而句子(无论是那种句子)本身又表示了上述的种种情绪,那么该句也就成了感叹句。例如:
What a fine day it is today!今天天气多好啊!
How fine it is today!今天天气多好啊!
What a lovely son you have!你有个多可爱的儿子啊!
How lovely your son is!你的儿子多可爱
第五篇:初中英语各年级知识点总结
初一英语语法虽然是从简单的一些日常用语出发的,但语法中常会有一些知识点看起来很细小,容易被忽视,但这些知识点掌握不熟练,往往会造成一些语法应用上的错误。因此在学习初一英语语法时,要认真、细心,不要觉得一些地方不重要而得过且过。
一、初一英语语法——词法
1、名词
2、代词
3、动词A)第三人称单数
4、形容词的级
5、数词
二、初一英语语法——句式 1.陈述句 2.祈使句 3.疑问句
三、初一英语语法——时态
1、一般现在时 表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时,它有:
2、现在进行时 表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态,结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.初二英语知识点总结:
(一)一般将来时
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或者存在的状态。
(二)should的用法:
should用来提出建议和忠告,后边加动词原形,否定句直接在should后边加not.(三)
过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某一点时间正在进行的动作或者过去某一段时间内一直进行的动作。
(四)间接引语
(五)if引导的条件状语从句
结构:if+一般现在时,主语+将来时 含义:如果„„,将要„„
例如:If you ask him, he will help you.如果你请求他,他会帮助你。
If need be, we’ll work all night.如果需要,我们就干个通宵。
二.完形填空特点及解题思路
(一)题型分类与特点
完形填空试题是在给出的一篇短文中有目的地拿掉若干个词,留下一些空格,要求考生借助短文保留的部分,从所给的短文整体出发,在正确理解短文意思的基础上,根据句子和句子间的内在联系、词的用法和习惯搭配等,用适当的词或词语填空,使补全后的短文意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。这种题型测试的内容从形式上看是单词或短语的填空,但它必须注意到短文中上、下文意思连贯、词语搭配和语法结构正确,所以在空格上所填的词必须符合语义适用和语法正确两条原则,只考虑某一侧面都可能导致错误。中考中完形填空试题的基本题型分两类:完形填空选择题和完形填空题。
1.完形填空选择题:该题型的特点是将一篇短文中若干词语抽掉留下空格,对每一空格提供若干个选择项,要求考生通读短文后,在理解短文意思的基础上,运用所学的词汇、句型、语法等语言知识,从所提供的备选项中选出一个最佳答案,使短文内容完整正确。中考完形填空主要以这种题型为主。它所给的短文一般与初中英语教材难易程度相当,字数在150-200个单词之内,多数设置10个左右空格,所设考点涉及词汇、语法及对短文内容的理解。短文的第一句一般不设空,以期提供一个语境,对每一空格设置的选项基本都属于相同或对等的词类,给判定选择带来一定的干扰,侧重考查了考生准确运用词汇的能力及对短文的整体理解和逻辑推理能力。
2.选词填空题:该题型的特点是把抽出的词打乱顺序,不按原文顺序排列,放在短文前面或后面的方框内,有时还增加几个文外的词,要求考生从中选出适当的词以正确的形式填入短文空格内。
完形填空选择题的一般解题思路是:
1.跳过空格、通读全文、把握大意。先跳过空格,通读试题所给的要完形填空的短文,获得整体印象,做到弄清文脉、抓住主旨,较好地把握短文大意。要在阅读理解短文意思的基础上才开始判定选择,切忌仓促下笔。
2.结合选项、综合考虑、初定答案。在理解全文意思的基础上,再结合所给备选项细读全文,联系上、下文内容,注意从上、下文的语法结构和词语搭配及从选择项中寻找解题的提示,以词、句的意义为先,再从分析句子结构入手,根据短文意思、语法规则、词语固定搭配等进行综合考虑,对备选项逐一进行分析、比较和筛选,排除干扰项、初步选定答案。
3.瞻前顾后、先易后难、各个击破。动笔时要瞻前顾后、通篇考虑、先易后难。对比较明显直接的、自己最有把握的答案先做,一下子不能确定答案的,先跳过这一空格,继续往下做,最后回过头来再集中精力解决难点。这时可结合已确定答案的选项再读一遍短文,随着对短文理解的深入,可以降低试题的难度,提高选择的正确率。
4.复读全文、逐空验证、弥补疏漏。完成各道题选择后,把所选的答案代入原文,再把全文通读一篇,逐空认真复查。看所选定的答案是否使短文意思前后连贯、顺理成章,语法结构是否正确,是否符合习惯表达法。如发现错误答案或有疑问的,应再次推敲、反复斟酌、做出修正。完形填空试题的一般解题思路是:
1.跳过空格、通读短文、了解大意。解题时先跳过空格,通读完形填空的短文,了解全篇的内容和要旨。要重视首句,善于以首句的时态、语气为立足点,理清文脉,推测全文主题及大意。
2.复读短文、确定语义、判断词形。把握短文大意后再认真复读短文,利用上下文的语境,结合所学过的知识,先确定空格处所需词语的意义,再根据空格在句子中的位置,判断其在句中充当的成分,从而确定所填词的词性,再依据词语搭配和语法规则,判断所填的词的正确形式。
3.三读短文、上下参照、验证答案。在短文的每一空白处填上一个词后,将完成的短文再细读一遍,上下参照,连贯思考。把所填的答案放入短文中进行检验,可从上、下文内容是否协调一致、顺理成章,语法结构是否正确无误等进行综合验证,凡有疑问必须重新推敲考虑。
(三)课文阅读指导
1.初中阅读 阅读理解能力
(1)理解主旨要义(2)理解文中具体信息
(3)根据上下文猜测生词的意义(4)做出简单判断的推理(5)理解文章的基本结构(6)理解作者的意图和态度
2.培养良好阅读习惯(1)扩大视距(2)克服声读(3)克服逐字读
3.猜测词文
(1)通过标题或主题句进行预测
(2)文章的标题或主题句可包括作者的意图和倾向、篇章的总体意义和深层意义,因此通过文章标题或主题句进行预测,以便正确理解。(3)通过语篇标记进行预测
(4)语篇标记包括关联词、转换词也包括其他关键词。(5)利用背景知识预测(6)利用图片进行预测
初三英语语法复习名
词
一、名词的分类:根据用法,名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词两类。1.可数名词有单、复数形式的区别。需要掌握规则名词的复数形式的构成。
*以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:
如: two Marys
the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
比较: 层楼:storey---storeys
story---stories * 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:
a.加s,如: photo---photos
piano---pianos
radio---radios
zoo---zoos;
b.加es,如:potato--potatoes
tomato--tomatoes *以f或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时常去 f , fe 加 ves,如:half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wife---wives life---lives
thief---thieves
2.名词复数的不规则变化
1)child---children
foot---feet
tooth---teeth
mouse---mice
man---men
woman---women
注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men 和-women。
如: an Englishman,two Englishmen.但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。
2)单复数同形 如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars;
a meter, two meters 3)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:
a.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。
b.news 是不可数名词。
c.the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。
“The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting story-book.<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。
4)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses(眼镜)trousers, clothes若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双);suit(套);a pair of glasses;two pairs of trousers 5)另外还有一些名词,即可做不可数名词也可做可数名词,但意思不相同。
单词 可数名词意思 不可数名词意思 单词 可数名词意思 不可数名词意思
work 作品,著作 工作 German 德国人 德语 wood 森林 木头 life 生命 生活,人生
Chicken 小鸡 鸡肉 Exercise 练习,体操 运动,锻炼 Paper 报纸,试卷 纸 Orange 橘子 橙汁
Room 房间 空间 Glass 玻璃杯 玻璃
Time 次数,倍数 时间 Japanese 日本人 日语
Light 灯 光线 fish 鱼(种类)鱼肉
6.)常以复数形式出现并使用的名词:clothes, people, trousers, glasses, scissors, thanks, congratulations, wishes, police, stairs(楼梯), works(著作), woods(森林), times(时代)3.不可数名词量的表示
可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如:
a glass of water 一杯水
a piece of cake
4.修饰可数名词的词有:many, few, a few, a number of, 数词
修饰不可数名词的词有:much, little, a little, a great deal of
即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词的词有:some(any), no, a lot of
二、定语名词的复数(即名词修饰名词)名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。
1)用复数作定语。如:sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室
2)man, woman, 等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。
如:men workers
women teachers
3)数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。
如:two-dozen eggs 两打/(二十四个鸡蛋)
a ten-mile walk 十里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树
a five-year plan.一个五年计划
some banana trees
two book stores
三、名词的格
1.有生命的人、物及其他名词的所有格在词尾加“’s”,如the boy’s bag 男孩的书包
2.若名词词尾已有-s,只加’,如:Teachers’ Day
the twins’ parents, the students’ books 3.时间、距离、地域等名词的所有格形式为-’s
today’s newspaper, ten minutes’ walk the city’s problem 4.在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barber's 理发店
at my aunt’s(house)
go to the doctor’s.5.凡不能加“'s”的名词,都可以用“名词+of +名词”的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字
the window of the house。
6.如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示“分别有”;只有一个's,则表示'共有'。
如:John's and Mary's rooms(两间)
John and Mary's room(一间)
7.双重所有格形式:a novel of Mark Twin’s
a friend of my father’s / mine
代
词
1.人称代词
1.)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语,例如:
John waited a while but eventually he went home.约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。
说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中,例如:When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.2.)人称代词的宾格在句子中作动词的宾语或介词宾语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语。例如:I saw her with them。
her做宾语,them做介词宾语,a.--Who broke the vase?--谁打碎了花瓶?
b.--Me.--我。(me = It's me.)在正式文体中这里应为I。宾格代替主格:
a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语。
----I like English.--我喜欢英语。
----Me too.--我也喜欢。
----Have more wine?--再来点酒喝吗?
---Not me.--我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。He is taller than I/me.He is taller than I am.3)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he, she,带有亲切的感情色彩。
Give the cat some food.She is hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
4)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为: you, he / she and I
You, he and I should return on time.2)复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为: we, you and they *注意:在承认错误,承担责任时,第一人称放在前面
It was I and John that made her angry.是我和约翰惹她生气了。
*it的主要用法:可以表示天气, 时间, 距离, 形式主语, 形式宾语, 身份等.2.物主代词(„人的): 包括形容词性的物主代词和名词性的物主代词
形容词性的物主代词 + 名词;
名词性的物主代词= 形容词性的物主代词+ 名词 3.反身代词:(1)加强语气,起强调作用,“„自己”, “亲自”, “本人”
(2)用在一些动词后,表示主语既是动作的发出者,也是动作的承受者.常见的这类动词有:teach, dress, help, look after, enjoy, hurt, wash 4.不定代词
(1)none(of)指人或物 回答how many / much的问题
nobody, no one 指人
nothing指物
(2)one指人或物, 复数为ones, that指物(不可数名词),it指代前面提到的物体
I have got a nice watch.Would you like to buy one?(a watch)
I have got a nice watch.Do you like it?(the watch)
The weather here is better than that in Beijing.(the weather)(3)三者或三者以上: all(全部,都)
any(任何一个)
none(一个也没有)
两者:
both(全部,都)
either(任意一个)
neither(一个也没有)*Neither of us is from the USA.None of us have / has ever been there before.*not与both, all 连用表示部分否定.(4)some用于肯定句中,也可用于表示请求、建议或希望得到肯定答复的疑问句中
any用于疑问句、否定句中;还有“任何的”意思(5)another泛指
另一个
the other常与 one 连用,表示两者中的另一个
one„the other„
others 泛指别的,其他的 the others特指别的,其他的(有范围限制)
(the)others =(the)other + 名词
else放在合成不定代词或疑问词之后
(6)every + 名词,只能做定语,(三者或三者以上)
each两者或两者以上的“每一”,可以单独使用
常见的短语:each of
each other(7)合成不定代词的用法(略)*形容词后置(8)many, few, a few + 可数名词复数 much, little, a little+不可数名词 *little 作形容词,小的
a little 还可以修饰形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
数
词
表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
一、基数词
1.基数词写法和读法: 345 three hundred and forty-five; 2.基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数:
1.)与of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连用,如hundreds of;
2.)表示“几十岁”;in his forties
3.)表示“年代”,用 in +the +数词复数;in the 1980s / 1980’s
二、序数词
1.)序数词的不规则变化及缩写形式: first---1st second---2nd third—3rd
fifth—5th
ninth
twelfth
twentieth
twenty-first----21st 2.)序数词前通常使用定冠词the,但有时使用不定冠词a, an,表示“又一,再一”Try it again, please.请再试一次。
When I sat down a third man came in.三、数词的用法 1.倍数表示法
1.)主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj.+ as
I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。
2.)主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size(amount,length„)of„
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。
3.)主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than„
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。
4.)还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.今年粮食产量增加了4倍。
2.分数表示法:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分 母序数词用复数:1/3---one-third ; 2/3---two thirds.冠
词
冠词包括定冠词(the)和不定冠词(a, an)两类。冠词不能单独使用,通常用在名词前面,帮助说明名词的含义。
一、不定冠词a, an的用法:
1.常放在可数名词的单数形式前面,表示“一”的概念,但数的概念没有one强烈。An interesting story book;
a small boy;
There’s a kite in the tree.2.放在可数名词的单数形式前,表示一类人或物。3.用在固定短语中。
二、定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有“那(这)个” “这些,那些”的意思,但较弱,放在名词前,表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。
1.特指双方都明白的人或物:
Take the medicine.把药吃了。
2.上文提到过的人或事:
He bought a house.I've been to the house.3.指世上独一无二的事物: the sun,the sky,the moon,the earth
4.与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人;the living 生者
5.用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词,only,very,same等前面:
.Where do you live? I live on the second floor.你住在哪?我住在二层。
That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。
He is the only person who knows the secret.他是唯一知道秘密的人。
6.用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前:
the People‘s Republic of China
中华人民共和国
the United States
美国 7.用在表示乐器的名词之前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。
8.用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人: the Greens
格林一家人(或格林夫妇)9.用在惯用语中:in the day, in the morning(afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky(water,field,country), in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle(of), in the end, on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre *在sun , moon, breakfast等之前有形容词时,可用a, an
a full moon
三、不用冠词的情况: 1. 国名,人名前通常不用冠词:England,Mary;
2.泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;
They are teachers.他们是教师。
3.抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;
Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。
4.物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词;
Man cannot live without water.人离开水就无法生存。
5.在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;
We go to school from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。
6.在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词;
The guards took the American to General Lee.士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。
7.在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词 如:have breakfast,play chess
8.重叠运用的名词短语前常省去冠词;
from house to house,neck and neck,hour after hour,one by one 9.在一些习惯用语中
*注意以下一些短语的区别(有定冠词时,表示相关处所或地点,没有定冠词时,表示与相关处所有关的活动或功能.)
go to hospital 去医院看病-----go to the hospital
去医院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)in front of-----in / at the front of
in hospital-----in the hospital at table-----at the table
in class------in the class by sea-------by the sea
go to school--------go to the school a number of----------the number of *两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。
He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。
The black and the white cats are hers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。*如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。
He raises a black and white cat.他养了一只花猫。
四、冠词的位置
1、不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意:
1.)位于下列形容词之后: such,what,many,half,I have never seen such an animal.Many a man is fit for the job.2.).当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后:It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.So short a time.Too long a way.3.)quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。quite a nice picture
2、定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all,both,double,half,twice,three times等词之后,名词之前。
All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。
形容词和副词
一、形容词的用法:形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。也可以放在联系动词后面作表语。1.直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。
That’s a heavy box.(定语)
He’s very happy to come here.(表语)The good news made me very happy.(宾语补足语)2.有些形容词是表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。例如:afraid 害怕的 alone单独,独自
asleep睡着的 ill生病的。
He is an ill man.(错)
The man is ill.(对)
She is an afraid girl.(错)
The girl is afraid.(对)
这类形容词还有: well,(身体)好的unwell(身体)不舒适的,alike相象的,alive活着的, awake醒着的等。
3.形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody 等不定代词时,要放在这些词之后,例如:something nice 1.)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly友好的,lovely可爱的,lonely孤单的,lively热闹的,有生气的,活泼的,等仍为形容词。
She sang lovely.(错)------Her singing was lovely.(对)
He spoke to me very friendly.(错)------He spoke to me in a very friendly way.-(对)* politely, truly, terribly 2)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry
如:The poor are losing hope.3)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。
the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor.4.)多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:
限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)--出处--材料性质,类别--名词 a small round table
a dirty old brown shirt a tall gray building
a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例题: 1)Tony is going camping with ___ boys.A.little two other B.two little other
C.two other little
D.little other two
答案:C。由“限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)--性质--名词”的公式可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。
2)One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.A.old Chinese stone
B.Chinese old stone
C.old stone Chinese
D.Chinese stone old 答案A.几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。3)----How was your recent visit to Qingdao?----It was great.We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.A.few last sunny
B.last few sunny
C.last sunny few
D.few sunny last 答案:B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的放在后,在不能确定时,可参照下表: 限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+ those + three + beautiful + large + square
新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词old + brown + wood + table副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。
二、副词的用法:用来修饰动词、形容词或其它副词,在句中做状语。
三、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词和副词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1、掌握比较级和最高级的变化形式:
1.)单音节形容词及部分双音节次加-er, est 2.)部分双音节词及多音节词前面加more, most或less, least构成.
3.)不规则变化形式:
原
级 比 较 级 最 高 级 good / well better best bad / badly / ill worse worst many / much more most little less least far farther / further farthest / furthest old older / elder oldest / eldest 2.使用比较级时要注意的问题: 1)在比较级前可以使用下列一些单词或短语加以修饰: much, a little, even, far, a bit, still, a lot, 等
数词 + 量词也可以修饰比较级
如:He is two years younger than I.还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。This room is twice as big as that one.2)要避免重复使用比较级
(错)He is more cleverer than his brother.(对)He is more clever than his brother.或He is clever than his brother.3)要避免将主语含在比较对象中。(错)China is larger that any country in Asia.(对)China is larger than any other countries in Asia.5.)不含than的形容词和副词比较级前可以加不定冠词a, an
a / an + 比较级 + 名词
How fast he runs.I’ve never seen a better runner.比较级前加定冠词the表示特指。Tom is the taller of the two brothers.6)than 后面可以用主格,也可以用宾格。但有时也有区别。
I’m taller than he / him.I like the boy than her.--------I like the boy than she.3.比较级的常见句型:
1.)比较级 + and + 比较级
越来越„„ 2.)the + 比较级„, the + 比较级„.越„,就越„ 3.)as„as
和„„一样;
not as / so „as和„„不一样;不如„„中间用形容词或副词的原级 4.)like „.better than „
和„„相比更喜欢„„ 5.)宁可„„也不„.Prefer to do sth rather than do sth.Prefer to do sth.Prefer doing sth to doing sth.6.)more B than A
与其说A,不如说B
less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.7.)no more„ than„ 与„„一样„„,不比„„多
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.no less„ than„ 与„„一样„„
He is no less diligent than you.8.)more than 不只是,非常
She is more than kind to us all.4.使用最高级时应注意的问题: 1.)形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the,副词最高级前可不用。
形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示“非常”。
It is a most important problem.=It is a very important problem.使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
2.)最高级后面的介词in 与 of的区别 4)倍数+ as + 形容词 + as + 比较对象
This bridge is three times as long as that one.Your room is twice as large as mine.=Your room is twice the size of mine.介
词
介词不能单独使用,必须和名词、代词或动名词构成介词短语,在句中做表语,定语、状语、补语等成分。根据介词的用法,通常可以分为:时间、地点、趋向和其他四类介词。
一、表示时间的介词:
(1)at 示时刻、时间的某一点
at six, at noon, at half past one, at that time / moment on 体的某一天
on Sunday,on Friday afternoon,on a cold morning, on the morning of …
on March 12th, 2005
in 示周、月、季节、年以及泛指的上、下午,晚上
in spring,in 2004,in the morning,*在his, last,that, next, every 等词前面不用介词this afternoon, last Sunday, every morning
区别:next week--------the next week(2)by “在„„前” 多和完成时态连用
till “直到„„才”
I’ll wait here till you come back.until “不到„„就不” 常和until连用
I’ll not leave until you come back.(3)in 过„„以后, 大多用于将来时
after 多用于过去时
(4)since + 过去的一个时间点(表示时间段, 从„„开始到现在)for + 一段时间
二、表示场所、方向的介词:
(1)at 表示比较具体的地点
at 37 Renming Road in 表示比较宽敞的地点
in Renming Street(2)above斜上方-------below斜下方
over正上方-------under正下方 on 两物体有接触
(3)between„and..在„„和„„之间
among在„„中间(三者以上)
(4)across(从物体表面)跨越, 越过
through(从物体中间)穿透, 穿越
(5)in 在„„里面(表示静止的位置)
into 进入,表示运动方向,常用在表示动作的动词之后, 如 go, come, walk, jump, run 等
into的反义词是out of
(6)to 到(目底地)或方向
towards 指朝着某方向,而不是目的地.He walked towards the beach.三、其它介词
1.with(1)在一起;(2)有;(3)用某种工具 in 用什么材料或语言,或表示衣着,声调特点等 by 用......手段
2.Like 象......一样
as 作为;按照,象......一样(连词)+ 句子 3.for(1)为了(表示目的或原因)(2)(后面加一段时间)表示时间段
动
词
一、动词的分类: 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词(行为动词)、连系动词、助动词、情态动词。
1.实义动词有完整的词义,能单独做谓语.根据用法,可分为及物动词(vt.后面直接跟名词或代词作宾语)和不及物动词(vi不能直接跟名词或代词,加宾语时必须加介词)。同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:
She can dance and sing.她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)
She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)
但也有一些动词只能用做及物动词,如:visit, ask, win, tell, answer, feel, serve, marry, discuss, beat, reach, kill, drop 等.
而下列一些动词通常情况下只能用做不及物动词:reply(to), return(to), point(to, at),knock(at, on, into), wait(for), listen(to), arrive(at, to), fall(down, off), look(at, after…)
2.连系动词(Link Verb)它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语,构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。常见的连系动词有:be, feel,become,look, smell,seem,taste,sound,keep,其它一些可以和形容词连用的动词也属于连系动词:fall ill / asleep, grow worse, turn red, get lost,keep healthy等
3.助动词:本身没有词义,不能单独作句子的谓语,只能与主要动词一起构成谓语.主要帮助句子构成否定、疑问以及动词的不同时态、语态等语法特征。常见的助动词有:be, do(does, did), have / has, had, will, would 等。
4.情态动词:本身有一定的词义,单不能单独做谓语,后面必须跟其它动词的原形,表示说话人的语气和态度;常见的情态动词有:can(could), may(might), must, need 等。(1)can *能,会(表示能力); *请求许可
can’t be 不可能 could:
can的过去式,但有时表示委婉的语气。
(2)may *可能(可能性); *可以(请求许可,相当于can);
*表示祝愿
May you be happy!
May you succeed!might * may的过去式;
*表示可能性(但可能性比may小)(3)must 必须,应该
mustn’t 禁止
must be 肯定, 一定
(4)need 需要(一般用于否定句或疑问句,肯定句中一般用做实义动词)
needn’t(= don’t have to)没必要
二、动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。
三、动词的时态:
时
态 结
构 时
态 结
构
一般现在时 动词原形(第三人称单数)一般过去时 动词的过去式 现在进行时 am / is / are+动词的 过去进行时 was / were+动词的 一般将来时 will +动词原形
am/ is / are going to+动词原形 过去将来时 would+动词原形 was / were going to+动词原形
现在完成时 have / has +过去分词 过去完成时 had+过去分词 * 各种时态的用法省略
* go, come, arrive, leave, move, die等动词的进行时态可以表示对应的将来时态。* 表示过去经常发生而现在不再做的事情用used to do
四、动词的被动语态
1. 用法:动作的承受者作句子的主语。
2. 基本结构:be + 过去分词
掌握下列一些常见结构:
1.)一般现在时态:am / is / are + 过去分词
2.)一般过去时:was / were + 过去分词
3.)现在完成时:have / has been + 过去分词
4.)一般将来时:will be +过去分词或者be going to be +过去分词
3.含情态动词的被动语态结构:情态动词 + be + 过去分词
4.动词不定式的被动语态结构:to + be + 过去分词
There are twenty more trees to be planted.5.下列动词的主动语态表示被动语态。miss(丢失), sell well(销路好), need / want doing My bike is missing.This kind of food sells well.Your coat needs watering.6.happen, take place发生, last(持续), cost, hold(容纳), have, like, feel, sound(听起来)等动词
没有被动形式。
Great changes have taken place in our school.The water can last three days.Silk feels soft and smooth.The cake looks nice.An accident happened to him.五、动词不定式:由to + 动词原形构成,没有人称和数的变化,有时to可以省略。在句中 除了不能做谓语外,能够作其他一切成分。还能拥有自己的宾语和状语,构成不定式短语。
1、动词不定式的句法功能:
*做主语。常用It + be + 形容词+(of / for sb.)+ to do sth.结构。
of: good, bad, polite, kind, nice, clever, right, careful等
for: important, necessary, difficult, possible, dangerous等
*做表语。常用在等连系动词后面,若主语很长而表语很短,可以将两者颠倒过来。
His job is to sell the computers.He seems to be interested in the detective stories.*做状语。表目的:She was here to visit her daughter.表原因:I’m sorry to trouble you.表结果:The box is too heavy to carry.表示程度:This room is big enough to hold 200 people.*做定语。放在被修饰的名词或代词之后,若它与所修饰的名词有动宾关系,这个不定式应 为及物的。如:I was the first to come.I have no pens to write with.(动宾关系)*做宾语。常见的动词有:want, agree, choose, try, decide,hope, wish, learn,fail, would like
to do sth.*做宾语补足语。
1.)必须使用 to的动词有:ask, tell, order, take, invite, want, wish, follow,wait for, teach, would like, allow
sb.to do sth.2.)不能使用to的动词有:have, make, let;see, watch, hear, notice sb.do sth 注意:在主动语态中,to 要省略;而在被动语态中,to 必须加上
3.)可以使用to,也可以不用的动词:help *疑问词(除why外)+ 动词不定式(what, when, how, where, which + to do sth.)2.下列一些动词后面只能跟动名词(动词的 –ing 形式)作宾语:
enjoy,finish, mind, excuse, practice, keep, miss, spend, can’t help
be busy, be worth, keep on, carry on 3.下列一些动词后面可以跟动词不定式也可以跟动名词。
1.)意义相同或相近的有:begin, start,like, love, hate, prefer, plan
2.)意思不同的有:forget,remember,stop,see, hear, go on 4.注意: had better(not)do sth,would rather(not)do sth 5.动词不定式的否定形式直接在不定式前面加to 主 谓 一 致
一、就近原则:either„„or„„
neither„„nor„„
not only„„.but also„„ There / Here be +并列主语.二、意义一致原则:
1.集体名词(class, family等)做主语时,可根据意义判断。
His family has moved into a new house.His family were having supper then.主语是数目、时间、金钱、距离时,动词用单数。
2.主语+ as well as / with / together with / like / but / except + 动词单数。Everyone except the twins has been to the Great Wall.Lily with her friends is going to the zoo tomorrow.3.下列一些不定代词做主语,动词用单数。each, either, neither, something, anything,somebody,anybody等。
4.The + 形容词 / 过去分词 + 动词复数 The wounded were looked after well in the hospital.The weak, like the strong, have many friends in the world.5.glasses, trousers, shoes, scissors等单独做主语时,动词用复数,但当它们与a pair of 连用时,动词与pair的数保持一致。
The pair of glasses fits you well.句
子
(一)根据句子的结构可以分为简单句、并列句和复合句
一、简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。根据句子的结构,又可分为五种:
1、S + V.主语 + 不及物动词。
2、S + V + O.主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语。
3、S + V + P.主语 + 连系动词 + 表语。
4、S + V + IO + DO.主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。可以转换成:
主语 + 直接宾语 + for 或 to + 间接宾语。
常见的这类动词有: buy, bring,make ,choose,get
sth.for sb.teach, give, pass, hand(传递), show, offer, sell, lend, take, send sth to sb.5、S + V + O + C.主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语。
二、并列句:常由or, but, and, so for等词将两个简单句连接,表示转折,递进等关系。
三、复合句:包括宾语从句、状语从句、定语从句等。
1、宾语从句
掌握以下内容:* 引导宾语从句的引导词; * 掌握宾语从句的语序;
*掌握宾语从句的时态一致
2、状语从句
(1)时间状语从句的连词有:when, while, before, after, until(till), since, as soon as等。时间状语从句中通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。注意下列几个词的区别:
when: *当„„的时候
指一点时间,表示短暂性动作
*指一段时间,表示持续性的动作
*什么时候
引导宾语从句
while:*表示持续性的动作或状态
*具有对比的含义, 意为 “然而”
as: 表示从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生,一般与延续性动词连用.“一边„一边„” 随着..As we walked, we talked.As time went by, we knew each other better and better.(2)原因状语从句 because(因为), since(既然), as(由于),for(因为)(3)条件状语从句if(如果)
unless(除非)
在条件状语从句中,用一般现在时代替一般将来时.(4)结果状语从句so + 形容词 / 副词 + that + 句子
such + 名词 + that„
*such + a(an)+ 形容词+ 名词= so + 形容词+ a(an)+ 名词
(5)目的状语从句so that, in order that,(in order to do sth.so as to do sth)(6)比较状语从句as„as„
than,not as / so „ as„
(7)让步状语从句though,although,even though„
3、定语从句: 修饰名词或代词的从句, 放在名词或代词的后面.通常: 名词(人)+ who / whom / that + 句子
名词(物)+ which / that + 句子
(1)引导非限制性定语从句时,必须用 which 指物, 不用 that.I have lost my bag, which I like very much.(2)关系代词在从句中做主语时,从句动词的单复数形式和先行词保持一致.Do you know the man who is standing against the door?
(3)下列几种情况只能用 that 引导宾语从句:
*先行词是不定代词 all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等, 如:
All that we have to do is to practise more.There is nothing that I can do for you.*先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,如: The first letter that I got from him is kept well.*先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰时,如:
I have eaten up all the food that you gave me.(4)由when, where, why 引导的定语从句
I don’t know the reason why he was late.This is the place where I have lived for five years.I’ll never forget the day when I met Mr.Li for the first time.先行词是表示地点时,如果从句的动词是及物的,就用that(which), 如果动词不及物,就用where引导.This is the house that he has lived in for five years.This is the house where he has lived for five years.句
子(二)根据句子的功能,可以把句子分为四类:陈述句(肯定句和否定句);疑问句(一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,选择疑问句,反意疑问句);祈使句和感叹句。
一、陈述句:
1、肯定句
2、否定句:(1)加 not 构成的否定句(2)由no, hardly, never, nobody, nothing, little, few等构成的否定句 两者的全部否定用neither或nor,部分否定用both + not;三者或三者以上的全部否定用none, nothing, nobody, no one等,部分否定用all, many, every加not构成。
(3)否定前置,常见的动词有:think, believe, suppose
二、疑问句
1.一般疑问句:用 yes 或 no 回答
2.特殊疑问句:用疑问词(what, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, how, why 以及 它们构成的一些短语)提问的句子。
3.选择疑问句:一般疑问句 + or + 选择对象
不能用 yes 或 no 回答
4.反意疑问句: 陈述句 + 简略的一般疑问句。
陈述句部分和疑问句部分的肯定、否定形式相反。注意以下一些内容:
(1)简略问句的主语和陈述部分保持一致,只能用人称代词(there除外),简略问句的动词也 和陈述部分保持一致,如果是否定,要用缩写形式。如:
Jin isn’t a student, is he?
There are some books in it, aren’t there?
(2)陈述部分是I’m„结构,疑问部分一般用aren’t you,如:
I’m late, aren’t I?
(3)陈述部分有little, few, no, never, nothing, hardly, nobody等词表示否定时,疑问部分用肯定。
(4)祈使句的反意疑问句:
祈使句,will you?
Let’s„, shall we?
(5)宾语从句的反意疑问句常和主句保持一致,但如果主句是I think / believe / suppose时,疑问部分的主语应和从句保持一致。I don’t think he knows it, does he?
三、祈使句:表示命令、请求或建议。肯定形式用动词原形.否定形式用 “Don’t / Never + 动词原形.”
四、感叹句:常由what 或 how开头
What + 形容词 +名词 + 主语+ 动词.What a nice house it is!
What fine weather!How + 形容词 + 主语 + 连系动词。
How happy they look!
How interesting the story is!How + 副词 + 主语 + 实义动词。
How happy they are laughing!
How + 主语 + 动词
How I wish I could hear Beethoven himself play it!