第一篇：初中英语语法复合句状语从句教案
第14单元 复合句—状语从句
状语从句在句中作状语，修饰句中的动词、形容词或副词等。
状语从句由从属连词作关联词，从属连词在从句中不充当句子成分。状语从句在主句之前，一般要用逗号分开，朗读时用升调。状语从句在主句之后，一般不用逗号，朗读时用降调。
状语从句按其意义和作用可分为时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等类型。
1.时间状语从句
(1)常用的连词有when, while, before, after, until(till),since, as soon as等。
(2)时间状语从句中一般不用将来时，若谈论将来的事情，往往用一般现在时代替。
『例』 I'll go on with the work when I come back tomorrow.As soon as he finishes the work, he will come to see me.(3)when和while都表示“当……的时候”，但有区别。when强调“特定时间”。
『例』 There was a loud knock at the door when he was just falling asleep.while表示的时间是一段，而不是一点。
『例』 While he was having supper, he heard someone knock at the door.while有时还有对比的含义。
『例』 While I was reading, he was writing.2.原因状语从句
(1)常由because, since, as引导。
(2)because表示直接的原因，着重点在从句，用于回答why,语气最强。『例』 I can't go to school because I am ill.since一般表示对方已知的，无须加以说明的既成事实的理由，全句中心在主句，语气比because弱，常译为“既然”。
『例』 Since you are ill, I'll go alone.as表示十分明显的原因，一般说明因果关系，着重点在主句，语气较弱。常译为“由于”。
『例』 As it is raining hard, we won't go hiking.
for是个并列连词，只能放在另一个并列分句后面，表示一种推理或解释，或用作附加说明，而不是指理由或原因，语气最弱，一般不放在句首，常译成“因为”。
『例』 You haven't met him, for he didn't come here.3.条件状语从句
常由if(假如、如果)No matter(不管)来引导。
『例』 No matter what he says，I won't believe him，如果主句是一般将来时，从句往往用一般现在时来表示将来。『例』 I'll go for a picnic if it is fine.4.结果状语从句
一般由so...that, such...that引导。
『例』It's such a heavy box that nobody can move it.The box is so heavy that nobody can move it.5.目的状语从句
往往由so that, in order that引导。
『例』I'll speak slowly so that you can understand me.He set off early in order that he might be in time.6.比较状语从句
常由as...as, than, not as/so...as等引导。比较从句部分常是省略句，『例』 I'm taller than he(is).Science is not as popular as English.7.方式状语从句 常用as引导。
『例』 You should do it as I told you.8.让步状语从句
由though或although等引导，但不能与but同时连用。『例』 Though it snowed heavily, they kept on working.9.地点状语从句
常用where, wherever引导。『例』 I'll go where work is hard.
第二篇：初中英语语法---状语从句小结
初中英语语法---状语从句小结
状语从句是一种作状语用的从句，修饰主句的动词、形容词、副词或修饰全句，补充说明时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、程度、状态等。根据它表达的意思的不同，可分为时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句、比较状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句等。时间状语从句、条件状语从句、结果状语从句、原因状语从句都是中考的重点。
一、时间状语从句
时间状语从句表示主句动作发生的时间，引导时间状语从句的连词有when, as, while, before, after, as soon as, till, until, since等。
until 用于肯定句中，表示句子的动作一直持续到until短语所表示的时间为止，即表示动作的终点。一般可译为“直到……时(为止)”或“在……以前”。在这种用法中，句子的谓语动词必须是持续动词(非瞬间动词)，如live, wait, last, love, like, stay, work, continue等。until用于否定句中，表示句子的动作直到until短语所表示的时间才开始发生，即表示动作的起点。一般译为“直到……才”或“直到……之前(……还不)”
eg.It may last until Friday.这可能要延续到星期五。
用于否定句中：
eg.The secret was never told until after the old man's death.这个秘密在老人去世后才说出来。
连词until
以同样的方式分析作连词的until的用法。作连词用的until的英文释义是up to the time when(直到……时为止)。
作连词的until用于肯定句中，表示主句的动作一直持续到从句动作发生或状态出现时为止。一般可译为“……直到……为止”。在这种用法中，主句的谓语动词必须是持续动词(非瞬间动词)，如live, wait , last, love, like, stay, work, continue 等。
eg.Heat can be conducted from a hot body to a cooler one until both are at the same temperature.热可以从一个热的物体传到一个较冷的物体，直到两者温度相同为止。
作连词的until用于否定句中 , 表示主句的动作在从句的动作发生之前尚未发生，或者说主句的动作在从句的动作发生之后才开始。一般可译为“直到……才”。
eg.I hadn't realized she was foreign until she spoke.她不说话我还一直不知道她是个外国人。
since作连词引导时间状语从句的用法：
一、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是终止性的过去时，则从句表示的时间是“从动作开始的那一时刻起”。如：
eg.He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自从他来到我们学校，他学习就非常努力。
二、若since引导的状语从句的谓语动词是持续性动词或表示状态的动词的过去时时，则从句表示的时间是“从那持续动作或状态结束时算起”。
eg.I haven't heard any noise since I slept.Sleep为持续性动词，sleep的动作结束时，即“醒来”时，这句应译为“我醒后还未听到任何声音”。
John is now with his parents in New York, it is already three years since he was a teacher.约翰现在和父母一起住在纽约，他不当教师已经三年了。
while表示“正当 …… 时”；(指同时)用于同时进行的两延续性动作相伴随而发生，常对同类的两动作进行对比。
eg.Please write while I read.我念的时候，请写下来。
when表示“当 …….时：可表示瞬间、时间段，与主从句所述动作、事情可同时，也可有先后。例：
eg.It was snowing when we got to the airport.我们到达机场时，天正下着雪。(同时发生)。
as当…时，强调at the same time
① 不指先后，而指同时发生，尤指短动作或事件同时发生，eg.I looked;someone came here.正当我看的时候，有个人走过来。
② as不可说明两种正在发展或变化的情况。
eg.As I get older, I get more optimistic.随着年龄变大我变得更加乐观。
as、when、while都可引导时间较长的同时发生的“背景”情况。
eg.As(when, while)I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of a shop.当我顺着马路往前走的时候，我发现一家商店前停着一辆警车。
注意：1.在以as soon as, until, when等引导的时间状语从句中，通常用一般现在时，而主句用将来时。
2.since引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，主句常用完成时，并且动词用延续性动词。
二、条件状语从句
条件状语从句表示主句动作发出的前提或条件、假想、推测等，条件状语从句通常由连词if, unless等引导。
eg.I'll help you with your English if I am free tomorrow.如果我明天有空，我就帮你学英语。
He won't be late unless he is ill.他不会迟到的，除非他生病了。
注意：在if, unless等词引导的条件状语从句，主句的谓语动词用一般将来时，从句的谓语动词通常用一般现在时表示将来的含义。
三、目的状语从句
目的状语从句表示主句的动作发生的目的或愿望，可用so that, that, in order that等词引导。
目的状语动词中常有情态动词may/might, can/could, should或will/would.eg.He visited London in order that he could see his parents.＝He visited London so that he could see his parents.为了看望父母他来到了伦敦。
School was closed early in order that the children might get home ahead of the storm.学校早放学，为的是让孩子们在暴风雨前到家。
四、结果状语从句
结果状语从句表示主句的动作所引起的结果，可以用so…that, such…that等引导。
eg.The burglar wore gloves, so that there were no fingerprints found.窃贼带着手套，所以没有发现指纹。
He spoke so quickly that only a few students could follow him.他讲话太快，只有几个学生能听懂。
The house is so expensive that very few people can afford it.房子价格太贵，很少有人买得起。
He was so good a runner that nobody could catch him.他是跑步的能手，没人能赶上他。
It is such a good chance that we mustn't miss it.如此好的机会我们绝不能错过。
It is such nice weather that I don't like to stay at home.天气这么好，我不愿呆在家里。
辨析：so…that和such…that
so…that和such…that的意思均为“如此……以致……”，都用来引导结果状语从句。但二者用法不尽相同，现归纳如下：
1.so…that结构中的so为副词，后面跟形容词或副词；such…that中的such为形容词，后面接名词(名词前可以有形容词修饰)。
eg.He became so angry that he couldn't speak.他变得很生气，以致说不出话来。
It was such a fine day that we went out for a walk.那是一个很晴朗的日子，我们出去散步。
2.当that前的名词有表示数量多少的many, much, few, little等修饰时，只能用so，不能用such.eg.There was so much noise outside that we couldn't hear the teacher.外面嘈杂声很大，以致我们不能听到老师的话。
He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over.他跌了这么多的跤，以致全身青一块、紫一块的。
注意：若名词前的little解释为“小(的)”意思时，则仍用such, 而不能用so.eg.They are such little sheep that they can't run fast.它们是小绵羊，以至于它们跑得不快。
3.当that前是单数可数名词且该名词前面有形容词修饰时，so与such可以互换，即：so＋adj.＋a/an＋n.＝such＋a/an＋adj.＋n.eg.She is so good a teacher that we all love her.＝She is such a good teacher that we all love her.她是一位好老师，我们都爱她。
4.当that前是不可数名词或复数可数名词时，则必须用such，不能用so来代替。
eg.It was such fine weather that they all went swimming.那是个好天气，他们都去游泳了。
They are such nice apples that we would like to eat them.它们是如此好的苹果，以致我们想吃它们。
五、原因状语从句
原因状语从句由because, as, for, since等引导。
eg.We couldn't walk very fast because the road was very slippery.因为路滑我们走不快。As she's been ill, perhaps she'll need some help.她由于生病可能需要些帮助。
Since you're not interested, I won't tell you about it.既然你不感兴趣，那我就不告诉你。
辨析：because, since, as和for
1.because语气最强，表示直接原因，可用于回答 why 提出的问题、引导表语从句、用于强调句等，而其余三者均不行。
eg.“Why didn't he come?” “Because he was ill.” “他为什么没来?”“因为他病了。”
My stomach hurts because I have eaten too many apples.我肚子痛，因为苹果吃得太多。
That's because you can't appreciate music.这是因为你不能欣赏音乐。
It is because he is honest that I like him.是因为他诚实我才喜欢他。
2.since语气较弱，指双方都明确的原因或众所周知的原因，译为“既然”，侧重主句，从句表示显然的或已知的理由。
eg.Since you don't like it, I'll put it away.既然你不喜欢，我就把它放在一边。
Since you are wrong, you should apologize.你既然错了，就应该道歉。
3.as “由于，鉴于”，指客观事实，常与since互换使用。
eg.As there was no answer, I wrote again.鉴于没回复，我又写了一封信。
As you weren't there, I left a message.由于你不在那儿，我留了个口信。
4.for 是并列连词，不说明直接原因而是对某种情况加以推断，其引导的分句前常有逗号。
eg.He must be ill, for he is absent today.他一定是生病了，因为他今天没来。
He took the food eagerly, for he has eaten nothing since dawn.他狼吞虎咽地吃了起来，因为他从天亮都没吃过东西。
六、比较状语从句
常由than, as…as…, not as(so)…as等连词引导。eg.John is taller than his brother.约翰比他的弟弟高。I'm as tall as you.我和你一样高。
He doesn't pay as much tax as we do/ as us.他没有我们交的税款多。
七、方式状语从句
常由as, as if(as though)等连词引导。
eg.Leave it as it is.保持原状，别动它。
Do it as I do it.照我的样子做这件事。
He treats me as if/ as though I were a child.他把我当小孩子一样来对待。
They completely ignore the fact as if/ as though it never existed.他们完全忽略了这个事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。
八、让步状语从句
常由though(although)等连词引导。
eg.Although it was cold, he went out without a coat.尽管天气很冷，他没有穿大衣就出去了。
Though they are poor, they have enough to eat.他们虽然很穷，食物还是够吃的。
典型例题：
1.I________ the CDs to you if I have time tomorrow.A.will return B.returned
C.have returned
D.return
解析：考查状语从句的时态。在if条件状语从句中，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时，故选A。
2.－Dick gave me a note while I________ in the library.－I guess he made it to say“sorry”to you.A.am reading
B.was reading
C.reads
D.will read
解析：主句使用了一般过去时，时间状语从句也应使用过去的某种时态，这里应使用过去进行时，表示动作正在发生。下句I guess he made it to say“sorry”to you.也为解题提供了很好的提示。故选B。
3.－Look!Here comes our school bus.－No hurry.Don't get on it________ it has stopped.A.until
B.after
C.since
D.when
解析：考查时间状语从句。句意为“看！我们的校车来了。”“别急。等车停稳再上去吧。”选A，not…until直到……才，是固定搭配。
4.I didn't know he came back________ I met him in the street.A.since
B.when
C.until
D.After 解析：考查时间状语从句。句意为：直到在街上见到他，我才知道他回来了。not…until是固定结构，表示“直到……才”。故选C。
5.I'll do it better if the teacher________ me another chance.A.give
B.gives
C.gave
D.will give
解析：考查状语从句的时态。if引导的状语从句一般遵循“主将从现”的规则，故选B。
6.When I went to say goodbye to Anna, she________ the piano.A.is playing
B.plays
C.was playing
D.played
解析：When引导的时间状语从句使用了一般过去时，主句也应使用过去的某种时态，这里表示动作正在发生（她正在弹钢琴），用过去进行时，这能使描写的对象更加生动。故选C。
7.I have been trying my best to study English________ I want to have a chance to be a volunteer for the Beijing Olympics.A.until
B.because
C.though
解析：考查原因状语从句。I want to have a chance to be a volunteer for the Beijing Olympics.（我想有机会成为一名北京奥运会的志愿者）与I have been trying my best to study English（我一直在竭尽全力学习英语）构成因果关系，故选B。
8.－How was your climbing on Mount Tai？
－I didn't believe I could do it________ I got to the top.A.until
B.unless
C.after
D.when
解析：考查时间状语从句。not…until“直到……才”是固定句式。句意为“你爬泰山的感受是什么？”“我简直难以置信，直到登上山顶”。
9.－Look at the noisy kids!
－Haven't you heard the saying“When the cat is away, the mice________.”?
A.play
B.played
C.are playing
D.will play
解析：考查含有时间状语从句的主句的时态。规律是：“主将从现”，即从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时。故选D。“When the cat is away, the mice will play.”（相当于“山中无老虎，猴子称大王。”）
10.He met many problems________ he was going over his lessons.A.before
B.as soon as
C.since
D.while
解析：考查时间状语从句中连词的选用。要从意义和句子逻辑两方面考虑。与as和when相比，叙述两个较长时间的动作，特别是提供“背景”的时间更长时，常用while，故选D。句意为“他在复习功课时碰到了许多问题。”
语法专练：
一、时间、地点、条件、让步状语从句练习
1.People behind you will be unhappy ________ you talk too long on the phone.A.as
B.for
C.if
2.________ you don't go to see the doctor, ________ you'll be worse.A.If;/
B.If;and
C.If;or
3.Mother was busy cooking in the kitchen ________ father was watching TV in the sitting room.A.as
B.when
C.while
4.Don't leave the office________ I come back.A.when
B.if
C.until
5.I didn't go to bed________ all the TV programmes were over.A.until
B.when
C.after
6.There are usually some people watching________ those retired workers play chess.A.which
B.where
C.as
7.________ it was raining, ________ we went on with our sports meeting.A.Though;/
B.Though;but
C./;but
8.I reached the station________ the train had just moved.A.until
B.after
C.as soon as
9.The mouse had run into the hole________ the cat could catch it.A.before
B.after
C.as soon as
10.The baby stopped crying________ he saw his mother.A.until
B.as soon as
C.then
二、原因、比较、目的、结果状语从句练习。用所给的关联词将简单句连接成复合句。1.He didn't pass the exam.He hadn't gone over his lessons.（because）2.You can buy the dictionary.You have got enough money.（since）
3.You have seen the film twice.You can give the ticket to your brother.（now that）4.It was a long letter.It took her more than two hours to type it.（such…that）
5.I called out to him in a loud voice.He heard me on the other side of the street.（so that）6.Lily sings well.Linda sings well, too.（as…as）
7.Jim looks weak.His brother Tim looks even weaker.（than）
8.Mr.and Mrs.Smith work hard.They want to send their son to college.（in order that）9.I'll give you some more examples.You can learn how to use this expression.（so that）10.He ran very fast.Nobody in our class could catch up with him.（so…that）
三、句型转换
1.The students were reading books.The teacher came into the room.（合并为一个含有时间状语从句的复合句）
________________________________________________
2.After the mother came back, the little girl went to bed.（改为同义句）
The little girl________ ________ to bed________ the mother cam back.3.Jane and Kate are of the same age.（改为同义句）
Jane is________ ________ ________ Kate.4.Study hard, and you'll catch up with your classmates.（改为同义句）
________ you ________ study hard, you ________ catch up with your classmates.5.There are many rabbits in the filed in Australia.The farmers can't kill them all.（改为同义句）
There are ________ many rabbits in the filed in Australia________ farmers can't kill them all.6.The boy is so lazy that he does badly in all his lessons.（改为同义句）
He is ________ a________ boy ________ he does badly in all his lessons.7.If he isn't ill, he won't be late.（改为同义句）
He won't be late________ he is ill.8.He visited London to see his parents.（改为复合句）
He visited London ________ ________ ________ he could see his parents.9.I will try it;I may fail.（改写为让步状语从句）
I will try it, ________ ________ I may fail.10.Without your help, I can't finish the work on time.（改为同义句）
________ you ________ help me, I can't finish the work on time.四、完形填空
Have you ever heard of the satellite called Early Bird which was built by an organization consisting of 16 countries? Now dozens of satellites 1_____ into space, and they help people in many ways.You can speak to people on 2_____ side of the world over the telephone 3_____ the help of satellites.They can help take photos of Earth and produce maps.Some pictures 4_____ by satellites show us the exact places where different metals can be found.They can also 5_____ the differences between healthy plants and poor ones.This is a great help to the scientists 6_____ work in forests.Satellites benefit our daily life.For example, satellites for 7_____ are used to send radio and TV programs from one part of the world to another.It is satellites that make our world seem 8_____.A number of research stations have been set up to study outer space.In the past, it was difficult 9_____ the scientists to get a clear picture of the dusty air, while satellites make it easier now.They are being used more and more to collect information about space, just like 10_____ between space and us.1.A.has put
B.have put
C.has been put
D.have been put
2.A.other
B.both
C.neither
D.the other
3.A.with
B.in
C.by
D.at
4.A.take
B.takes
C.taking
D.taken
5.A.say
B.speak
C.tell
D.read A.which
B.who
C.where
D.what
7.A.weather
B.army
C.industry
D.broadcasting
8.A.cleaner
B.smaller
C.larger
D.farther
9.A.for
B.of
C.with
D.by
10.A.lines
B.lights
C.bridges
D.ropes
五、阅读理解
They British Museum is the biggest museum in the world.Inside you feel smaller than usual.The story of the British Museum goes back three hundred years to one unusual man.Sir Hans Sloane, a doctor to King George Ⅱ.The doctor collected books, drawings, clothes, money, animals, flowers, things from all over the world.The doctor wanted everything to stay together when he died, so that people could come and have a look.The British Museum began.King George Ⅱ gave his library, and the museum started to grow.The British Museum opened in 1759, six years after Sir Hans Sloane died.At first the museum was only open three days a week and only ten people could enter in an hour.There wasn't much time to see things.Visitors had to run through the rooms.By about 1800, things began to get better.Wonderful statues（雕像）, three thousand years old, arrived from Egypt.George IV sold all his books to the museum secretly.A hundred years ago, not only old books but also new ones arrived at the museum, and more people came to read them.Since then many famous men have written and studied there.And the library is growing faster and faster.There are four kilometers of new shelves every year and there are about two million visitors every year.1.Sir Hans Sloane was interested in_____.A.collecting all kinds of books B.collecting all kinds of drawings C.collecting all kinds of money D.collecting all kinds of things
2.When you go inside the British Museum, you feel smaller than usual because_____.A.the museum is empty
B.the museum is very big
C.there are too many things in it
D.you are too small
3.Sir Hans Sloane died_____.A.in 17
53B.in 1759
C.in 1765
D.in 1800
4.At first, the visitors had to run through the museum because_____.A.there were only several things to see B.the museum was the biggest one in the world C.they were not interested in the things in it D.they had only one hour to see all the things in it 5.The passage is mainly about_____.A.Sir Hans Sloane
B.George Ⅱ
C.the history of the British Museum D.the books of the museum
答案与解析：
一、1.C 本句用从属连词if引导条件状语从句。本句如果使用as引导原因状语从句或用for连接并列句，句子时态要调整：People behind you are unhappy as you have talked too long on the phone.People behind you are unhappy, for you have talked too long on the phone.2.A if用来连接条件状语从句，and或or用来连接并列句，所以用if就不能用后两个并列连词。
3.C while在这儿连接一个时间状语，表示与主句同时进行的动作。
4.C “not…until…”句型表示“不到……就不（要）……”或“直到……才……”。
5.C 本句的最佳答案是after，而until不能使用，除非将主句改为否定句：I didn't go to bed until all the TV programmes were over.6.B 本句中用where引导地点状语从句。
7.A though与but不能并用；可只用but，但句子开头须大写。
8.B after引导时间状语从句，明确表示从句动词表示的动作先于主句动词表示的动作。
9.A before引导时间状语从句，明确表示主句动词表示的动作先于从句动词表示的动作。
10.B as soon as引导时间状语从句，表示从句动作一发生，主句动作即发生。由于两个动作连接紧密，所以从句中不一定要用过去完成时。
二、1.He didn't pass the exam because he hadn't gone over his lessons.用because引导原因状语从句置主句之后。
2.Since you have got enough money, you can buy the dictionary.用since引导状语从句表示说话双方都知悉的原因。
3.Now that you have seen the film twice, you can give the ticket to your brother.Now that引导原因状语从句，表示“既然……”。
4.It was such a long letter that it took her more than two hours to type it.such后往往跟名词或名词性词组，和that连接表示结果。
5.I called out to him in a loud voice so that he heard me on the other side of the street.so that在本句中引导结果状语从句。
6.Linda sings as well as Lily.“as＋副词原级＋as”表示两者程度相同。
7.Jim's brother Tim looks even weaker than he（looks weak）.than引导一个省略了谓语部分的比较状语从句。
8.Mr.and Mrs.Smith work hard in order that they may send their son to college.“in order that”引导目的状语从句。
9.I'll give you some more examples so that you can learn how to use this expression.“so that”在本句中引导目的状语从句。
10.He ran so fast that nobody in our class could catch up with him.“so…that…”引导结果状语从句。
三、句型转换
1.The students were reading books when the teacher came into the room.2.didn't go;until/ before/ till 3.as old as 4.If;don't;won't 5.so;that 6.such;lazy;that 7.unless 8.in order that 9.even though
10.If;don't
四、完形填空
1.D 本句使用现在完成时的被动语态。
2.D 由名词side判断，应排除B项；C项表否定，不合题意；表示特指就用定冠词the, the other side of the world意为“世界的另一端”，故选D。
3.A with the help of为固定短语，意为“在……帮助下”。
4.D 过去分词作后置定语。some pictures taken by satellites“被卫星拍的图片”。
5.C tell在此意为“区分，辨别”，其他选项不合文意。
6.B 本句使用定语从句，先行词为人，故使用关系词who.7.D broadcasting意为“广播”。
8.B 由句意可知“卫星使我们的世界似乎变小了”。
9.A “对于某人来讲”用介词for.10.C “卫星好像是太空和我们之间的桥梁”。
五、阅读理解
1.D 由短文第三段第一句“The doctor collected books, drawings, clothes, money, animals, flowers, things from all over the world.”可知，他收集各种各样的东西。
2.B 由短文第一句可知。
3.A 由短文第四段第一句可知，博物馆是在Sir Hans Sloane去世六年后开业的，而开业是在1759年，应减去六年即1753年去世的。
4.D 由短文第四段可知，初进博物馆一次只允许10个人进入1小时，时间紧，游人不得不跑。
5.C 本文主要讲述英国博物馆的历史。
第三篇：复合句(定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句)教案
复合句（定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句）
定语从句
考点一 关系代词引导的定语从句
1．whose是一个表示所属关系的词，在定语从句中作定语，of which可以代替whose指物，词序一般是名词＋of which或of which＋名词。of whom 可以代替whose指人，词序是名词＋of whom。
2．which，that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词用that；which代指前面整个句子内容。
3．who，whom，that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
考点二 介词提前了的定语从句
1．与定语从句中的动词构成搭配。2．与定语从句所修饰的先行词构成搭配。
3．of＋which/whom表示所属关系。(表所属关系也可用whose)考点三 关系副词引导的定语从句
1．关系副词在定语从句中作状语，when指时间，where指地点，why指原因，在定语从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。
2．先行词是时间名词或地点名词时，如果在从句中不作状语，则不能用when或where引导定语从句，而要用which/that。
考点四 先行词为point, situation, case等的定语从句
point，situation，case，activity等，从表面上看它们不是表地点的，但却表示类似地点的意义，因此它们作先行词时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，那么这个引导词要用where；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。
名词性从句
考点一 主语从句
主语从句在主句中作主语，位于主句谓语动词之前，但多数情况下由it作形式主语，而把真正的主语放在句子的后面，其句型结构为：It＋be＋n./adj.＋that/whether/why/when＋从句。考点二 同位语从句
1．同位语从句常放在fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，belief，thought，doubt 等名词的后面，是对前面的名词作进一步的解释，说明前面名词的具体含义。2．同位语从句与定语从句的区别：
同位语从句是对前面名词的内容作进一步的解释、说明，引导词只起引导作用，不在句中作任何成分，一般不可省略。定语从句是对前面名词进行修饰、限制，引导词在句中作一定的句子成分。考点三 表语从句
表语从句在句中作表语，位于主句的系动词之后。引导表语从句的连词有that，whether，as if；疑问代词有who，what，which；疑问副词where，why，when，how等。考点四 “疑问词＋ever”与“no matter＋疑问词”的区别
“疑问词＋ever”与“no matter＋疑问词”虽然都有“无论……”的意思，但是用法有区别：“疑问词＋ever”既可以引导名词性从句也可引导状语从句，而“no matter＋疑问词只能用来引导状语从句。
状语从句
考点一 时间状语从句
1．表示时间的状语从句可以由when，whenever，as，while，before，until，ever since，as soon as等词引导。
【温馨提示】when可表原因，意为“既然”。
How can you expect to learn anything when you never listen? 既然你什么也听不下去你怎么期望学东西呢？
2．as soon as，immediately，directly，instantly，the moment，the minute，the instant，no sooner...than...，hardly/scarcely...when...和once(一……就……)这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生，常译为“一……就……”。从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。
3．no sooner...than和hardly...when引导的从句表示“刚……就……”。主句中的动词一般用过去完成时，从句用过去时。若把no sooner, hardly提到句首，主句须倒装。考点二 条件状语从句
1．通常由if，unless如果不，除非，as(so)long as 只要，in case “结果，万一”等连词引导。2．由on condition(that)；provided(that)；providing(that)(假若；倘使)；supposing(that)等引导的条件状语从句。考点三 地点状语从句
1．通常由连词where和wherever引导，从句可位于主句之前，也可位于主句之后。2．地点状语从句在句首时常兼有抽象条件意味。Where there's a will，there's a way.有志者事竟成。考点四 让步状语从句
1.由although，though，as引导的状语从句although和though同义，用法基本相同。前者较正式，多置于句首；后者较通俗、口语化。
【温馨提示】 as引导的让步状语从句多用于书面语，语序要倒装。Child as he is, he knows a lot.尽管他是个孩子，但是他知道得很多。
2．even if, even though表示“即使，纵然”，有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语中。3．whether(...or)引导让步状语从句，提供两个或两个以上的假设。4．由疑问词＋ever引导让步状语从句。考点五 原因状语从句
原因状语从句常用because, since, as, for引导，还可用now that(既然)，considering that...(考虑到……)，not that...but that(不是因为……而是因为)等引导。考点六 结果状语从句
结果状语从句由so that, so...that, such that, such...that等词引导。
复合句专项练习
1.The school shop, ________ customers are mainly students，is closed for the holidays.A.which
B.whose
C.when
D.where 【解析】答案：B 句意：这家校内商店放假时关门，它的顾客主要是学生。考查定语从句。本句没有并列连词也没有从属连词，故可判断逗号后面是非限制性定语从句；本句先行词是the school shop，还原到从句后为：The school shop’s customers are mainly students.因此选B，用whose引导定语从句，关系代词whose在从句中作定语。
2.The old town has narrow streets and small houses ________ are built close to each other.A.they
B.where
C.what
D.that 【解析】答案：D 句意：这个古老的小镇拥有建造得彼此靠得很近的狭窄街道和小房子。本题考查定语从句。先行词是narrow streets and small houses，还原到从句中作主语，所以用关系代词that。A和C不能引导定语从句；B是关系副词，不能作主语。3.Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of ________ she spoke fluently.A.who
B.whom
C.which
D.that 【解析】答案：C 句意：Julie擅长德语、法语和俄语，所有的(三门语言)她都说得很流利。先行词为German，French，Russian，代入定语从句后为：She spoke all of the three languages fluently.由此可见，先行词在定语从句中作of的宾语，先行词指“物”，且介词提前，故用which。4.Mother bought many tomatoes from the market two days ago, ________ some have gone bad due to the bad weather.A.of those
B.from which
C.of which
D.in which 【解析】答案：C 考查定语从句。此处表示“其中的一些西红柿”，故用“介词＋关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句。
5.As a teacher, I seldom give my students so difficult a problem ________ they cannot work out.A.that
B.if
C.in order that
D.as 【解析】 答案：D 句意：作为老师，我很少给我的学生难以解决的问题。先行词为so difficult a problem，代入定语从句后为：They cannot work out so difficult a problem.由此可见先行词在定语从句中作宾语。“so或such＋名词”作先行词、且先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语时，需用as引导定语从句。本题易误选为A项，用that引导状语从句，但状语从句应是完整的，所以，如选A项，题干应该为：As a teacher，I seldom give my students so difficult a problem that they cannot work it out.作为老师，我很少给我的学生如此难的问题以至他们不能解决。
6.It is still under discussion ___ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.A.whether
B.when
C.which
D.where 【解析】答案：A 本题考查名词性从句。句意：那个旧公交车站是否应该被一家现代化宾馆所取代仍在讨论中。“It”作形式主语，“________ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not”作真正的主语。根据句意及题干中的“or not”可知答案为whether，“whether...or not”在名词性从句中意为：是否。
7.She is very dear to us.We have been prepared to do ________ it takes to save her life.A.whichever
B.however
C.whatever
D.whoever 【解析】答案：C 句意：她对我们弥足珍贵。我们已经准备好尽一切努力挽救她的生命。这里的whatever既作take的宾语，也引导do后的宾语从句。
8.Being angry is OK, but knowing how to tell someone ________ made you angry is important.A.that
B.which
C.why
D.what 【解析】答案：D 考查名词性从句。句意：生气没什么，但是知道如何告诉别人什么导致你生气是很重要的。tell someone之后是宾语从句，且从句缺少主语，因此空处填what。9.In recent years, there has been a heated argument about ________ it is necessary for children to learn English from an early age.A.whether
B.if
C.what
D.that 【解析】答案：A 考查宾语从句。空白处在介词about之后，表示“是否”之意，且在介词之后引导宾语从句，只能用whether，介词后通常不用if引导宾语从句。
10.The whole family were worried about Jane because no one was aware ________ she had gone.A.that where
B.of the place which
C.of what
D.of where 【解析】答案：D 句意：全家人都为詹妮担心，因为没人知道她去哪里了。be aware of知道，为固定搭配；where引导的从句作介词of的宾语。
11.He had no sooner finished his speech ________ the students started cheering.A.since
B.as
C.when
D.than 【解析】答案：D 本题考查固定句式。句意：他刚做完演讲，学生们就开始欢呼起来。no sooner往往与than连用，意为：一……就……。故答案为D项。
12.As is reported, it is 100 years ________ Qinghua University was founded.A.when
B.before
C.after
D.since 【解析】答案：D 考查状语从句。句意：据报道，自从清华大学成立已经有100年了。这里用句式“It be＋一段时间＋since引导的状语从句”表示“自从……(到现在)有多长时间了”。
13.No matter how ________, it is not necessarily lifeless.A.a desert may be dry
B.dry a desert may be C.may a desert be dry
D.dry may a desert be 【解析】答案：B 本题考查让步状语从句。句意：无论沙漠可能会多么干燥，那里也未必没有生命。“no matter how＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语”构成让步状语从句。四个选项中只有B项符合要求。
14.Having checked everything, he sat down to do his homework, ________ he heard a lightening strike the electricity pole in the backyard.A.for
B.when
C.or
D.but 【解析】答案：B 考查连词。句意：检查了所有的东西之后，他坐下来开始写作业，这时他听到闪电击中了后院的电线杆的声音。此处用when表示“这时”。
15.If you are traveling __ the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do.A.in which
B.what
C.when
D.where 【解析】答案：D 句意：如果你正在一个风俗迥异的地方旅行，请入乡随俗。where引导地点状语从句；A项in which在定语从句的引导词，缺少先行词，所以不正确。16.--Could you please cut the price a little?--Er...________ you buy more than ten.A.even if
B.so long as
C.in case
D.as soon as 【解析】答案：B 句意：— 你能降一点价吗？— 呃……只要你买十个以上。so long as只要；even if即便，即使；in case以防万一；as soon as一……就……。
17.It was foolish of you to take a taxi ________ you could easily walk there in five minutes.A.though
B.as long as
C.so that
D.when 【解析】答案：D 考查连词。句意：你五分钟就可以走到那儿的，可你还打的去，真是太傻了。根据语意可知此处用when引导状语从句，意为“既然，考虑到”。though意为“尽管，虽然”；as long as意为“只要”；so that意为“为了”，都不符合题意。18.________ one is fully prepared, out door sports can sometimes mean injuries.A.Until
B.Because
C.When
D.Unless 【解析】答案：D 考查连词辨析。句意：要是没有充分准备的话，户外运动有时会意味着受伤。根据语意选D项，表示“如果不……；除非……”。
19.There she was, standing exactly ________ I had left her, crying bitterly.A.when
B.that
C.where
D.in which 5 【解析】答案：C 考查状语从句。句意：她就站在我刚才离开她的那个地方悲痛地哭。where I had left her是地点状语从句。
20.The new teacher was so well organized that she began ________ we stopped yesterday so that no point was left out.A.when
B.in which
C.how
D.where 【解析】答案：D 考查状语从句。句意：这位新老师条理非常清楚，她从我们昨天停止的地方开始，没有遗漏要点。where we stopped yesterday是状语从句。21.--Could you do me a favour?
--It depends on ________ it is.A.which
B.whichever
C.what
D.whatever 【解析】答案：C what在此导宾语从句，what在宾语从句中用作表语，句意为：这要看是什么(即这要看你要我帮什么忙)。
22.________ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.A.No matter what
B.No matter which
C.Whatever
D.whichever 【解析】答案：D 从句意上看，应一个表示“无论哪一个”的选项，因此B和D比较合适，但No matter which只用于引导状语从句，不用于引导名词性从句，故不能选B。23.--It’s thirty years since we last met.--But I still remember the story, believe it or not, ________ we got lost on a rainy night.A.which
B.that
C.what
D.when 【解析】答案：B that在此引导同位=语从句，修饰名词the story。此题的难点是，其中插入了believe it or not，使问题变得复杂了。
24.See the flags on top of the building? That was ________ we did this morning.A.when
B.which
C.where
D.what 【解析】答案：D what在此引导表语从句，同时what在表语从句中用作动词did的宾语，其意相当于did the thing that。
25.A warm thought suddenly came to me ________ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.A.if
B.when
C.that
D.which 【解析】答案：C that在此引导同位语从句，修饰名词thought。此题的难点是，名词thought与修饰它的同位语从句被分离开了。
26.The factory was built in a secret place, around ______ high mountains.6 A.which was
B.it was
C.which were
D.them were
【解析】答案：C 容易误选A 或B, 将A、B 中的 which和 it 误认为是其后句子的主语。around which were high mountains是一个由 “介词+which” 引出的非限制性定语从句，而在该从句中，主语是 high mountains, around which是表语，所以句子谓语应用复数were，而不是用单数 was。
请做下面一组题（答案均为C）：
（1）Yesterday we visited a modern hospital, around _______ some fruit shops.A.which is
B.it is
C.which are
D.them are（2）The murder happened in an old building, beside ______ the city police station.A.which are
B.it is
C.which is
D.them are（3）Next month we’ll move to a new building, next to _______ a nice restaurant where we can have Chinese food.A.which are
B.it is
C.which is
D.them are 27.A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked, “Is there a hospital around ______ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand?”
A.that
B.which
C.where
D.what
【解析】答案：C 容易误选 B，认为around 是介词，选which用以代替前面的名词hospital, 在此用作介词 around 的宾语。以上语法分析并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为：有没有这样一个医院，我在它的附近可以买药治我的手伤？这样的语境显然有点不合情理，因为人们通常是在医院里面治伤，而不是在医院附近治伤。此题选 C的理由是：句中的 around 不是介词，而是副词, 意为 “在附近”；其后的 where引导定语从句用以修饰其前的地点名词 hospital, 句意为：附近有没有一家医院，我可以去买药治我的手伤？ 28._____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.A.It
B.As
C.That
D.What
【解析】答案：B 容易误选 A，认为此处应填一个形式主语。as 引导的是一个非限制性定语从句。比较下面一题：
_______ is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.A.It
B.As
C.That
D.What
此题答案选 A，it为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的 that 从句。再比较下面一组题，其中第（1）题选 B，第（2）题选 D：
7（1）______ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior school is increasing.A.Which
B.As
C.That
D.It（2）______ is mentioned above that the number of the students in senior school is increasing.A.Which
B.As
C.That
D.It 29.Our company will move to a tall building _______ has just been complete.A.which
B.when
C.how
D.where 【解析】答案：A which 在定语从句中用作主语。
30.Our company will move to a tall building _______ we worked two years ago.A.where
B.when
C.that
D.which 【解析】答案：A where 在定语从句中用作状语。
附加题
1.David is such a good boy _______ all the teachers like.A.that
B.who
C.as
D.whom 【陷阱】此题容易误选A，许多同学一看到题干中的such，再联系到选项中的 that，便认为这是考查such…… that ……句式。况且，这样理解意思也还通顺。最佳答案为C, 不是A, 因为在such…… that ……（如此……以至……）结构中，that引导的是结果状语从句，并且 that 在从句中不充当句子成分，若在上句填入 such …… that ……，句末的动词 like 缺宾语。选C 的理由如下：as用作关系代词，用以引导定语从句，修饰其前的名词 boy，同时 as在定语从句中用作动词 like 的宾语，句意为 “所有老师都喜欢的一位好男孩”。有的同学可能还会问，假若选A, 能否将其后的 that 视为引导定语从句的关系代词呢？不能，因为当先行词受到 such 的修饰时，其后的定语从句应用关系代词 as 来引导，而不用that。比较下面一题，答案为A, 因为 like 后有自己的宾语 him。David is such a good boy _______ all the teachers like him.A.that
B.who
C.as
D.whom 请再做以下试题（答案选D）：
It was not such a good dinner _______ she had promised us.A.like
B.that
C.which
D.as 2.The buses, most of _______ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.A.that
B.it
C.them
D.which
【陷阱】容易误选 C, 用 them 代指 the buses。最佳答案是D。most of which were already full为非限制性定语从句，修饰 the buses。类似地，以下各题也选D。
8（1）His house, for _______ he paid $10, 000, is now worth $50, 000.A.that
B.it
C.them
D.which（2）Ashdown forest, through _______ we’ll be driving, isn’t a forest any longer.A.that
B.it
C.them
D.which
（3）This I did at nine o’clock, after _______ I sat reading the paper.A.that
B.it
C.them
D.which 类似地, 以下各题选 whom, 不选 them:（4）George, with _______ I played tennis on Sundays, was a warm-hearted person.A.that
B.him
C.them
D.whom
（5）Her sons, both of ______ work abroad, will come back home this summer.A.that
B.who
C.them
D.whom（6）I met the fruit-pickers, several of _______ were still university students.A.that
B.who
C.them
D.whom 3.He had thousands of students, many of ______ gained great success in their own field.A.whom
B.them
C.which
D.who
【陷阱】容易误选 B，用 them 代指 students。最佳答案是A，many of whom gained great success in their own field为非限制性定语从句。假若在many of ……的前面加上连词and，则选答案B.比较以下各题（答案均选A）:（1）He asked a lot of questions, none of ______ was easy to answer.A.which
B.them
C.what
D.that
（2）He asked a lot of questions, and none of ______ was easy to answer.A.them
B.which
C.what
D.that（3）He told me that he had two girl-friends, neither of _______ knew anything about the other.A.whom
B.them
C.which
D.who（4）He told me that he had two girl-friends, and neither of ____ knew anything about the other.A.them
B.whom
C.which
D.who 4.He had a lot of friends, only a few of ______ invited to his wedding.A.whom
B.them
C.which
D.who
【陷阱】容易误选 A, 认为这是非限制性定语从句。最佳答案是B, 这不是非限制性定语从 句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后的动词 invited并不是一个完整的谓语，而是一个 过去分词。当然，假若在 invited前加上助动词 were, 则是一个非限制性定语从句, 答案
便应选A。比较：
（1）They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _______ carried out in their work.A.which
B.them
C.what
D.that 答案选B, none of them carried out in their work是独立主格结构，carried out 为过去分词。
（2）They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, none of _____ were carried out in their work.A.which
B.them
C.what
D.that 答案选A, none of them were carried out in their work 是非限制性定语从句，注意与上例比较 句中多了一个助动词were.（3）They put forward a lot of plans at the meeting, but none of __ were carried out in their work.A.which
B.them
C.what
D.that
答案选B, 由于两句之间增加了一个并列连词but, 使得该句成了一个并列句。
5.On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, ____ parents seated together joking.A.their
B.whose
C.which
D.that 【陷阱】容易误选, 认为这是非限制性定语从句。最佳答案是A。与上面一题相似，their parents seated together joking不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空格后 的动词seated不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为 seat 作动词用时，是及物动词。比较以 下相似题：
（1）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents were seated together joking.A.their
B.whose
C.which
D.that 选B。whose parents were seated together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为其后有完整的谓语 were seated.（2）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, and _______ parents were seated together joking.A.their
B.whose
C.which
D.that 选A。因为句中有并列连词and, 整个句子为并列句。
（3）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _ parents sitting together joking.A.their
B.whose
C.which
D.that 选A。their parents sitting together joking 为独立主格结构。
（4）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, ____ parents sat together joking.A.their
B.whose
C.which
D.that 10 选B。whose parents sat together joking 为非限制性定语从句，因为句中有完整的谓语sat。（5）On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _______ parents were sitting together joking.A.their
B.whose
C.which
D.that 选B。whose parents were sitting together joking为非限制性定语从句，因为句中有完整的谓语 were sitting。
6.If the man is only interested in your looks, _____ just shows how shallow he is.A.as
B.which
C.what
D.that
【陷阱】容易误选A 或B, 认为这是非限制性定语从句。正确答案为D，注意逗号前是一个条件状语从句，逗号后是该状语从句的主句，that在此代表前文所述的情况，用作主句的主语。类似地，下面几道题也选 that, 而不选 which：（1）If you promise to go with us, _____ will be OK.A.as
B.which
C.and it
D.that（2）If you want a double room, _____ will cost another￡15.A.as
B.which
C.what
D.that（3）Whether you go or not, _______ is quite all right with me.A.that
B.which
C.and it
D.so（4）When I say two hours, _____ includes time for eating.A.as
B.which
C.what
D.that 7.She says that she’ll never forget the time _ she’s spent working as a secretary in our company.A.which
B.when
C.how
D.where 【陷阱】容易误选B, 机械地认为时间名词后必须用关系副词when，地点名词后用关系副词 where.正确答案为A.在时间名词和地点名词后是否用关系副词要看它在定语从句中充当什么句子成分。一般说来，若用作主语或宾语，用关系代词；若用作状语，则用关系副词。上面一题中的动词 spent缺宾语，故应用关系代词 which或that。比较下面一组题：（1）She says that she’ll never forget the time _______ she works as a secretary in our company.A.which
B.when
C.how
D.where 选B。由于空格后的句子不缺少主语或宾语，所以选关系副词when。（2）Our company will move to a tall building _______ we bought last month.A.which
B.when
C.how
D.where 选A。which在定语从句中用作动词 bought 的宾语。
第四篇：句子的连接、并列复合句、状语从句
句子的连接、并列复合句、状语从句
1．句子的连接
导言：英语的五个基本句型，都为简单句。如何将两个或两个以上的简单句连接起来，就是句子的连接问题。
牢牢记住：逗号“，”不能连接两个句子
这是英语书面语中句子连接的核心思想，如：
错：He is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.(他病了，今晚不能来参加派对。)改：He is ill and he cannot come to the party this evening.或： Because he is ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.或： He is ill so he cannot come to the party this evening.当然，还可以有其他几种改法。但不管怎么改，都必须有“连接词”，如上句中的 “and”, “because”, “so” 都称为“连接词”。不同的连接词有不同的句法功能，名称五花八门。为了便于学习，讲座中将尽量避免使用语法术语，大家只要记住“连接词”这个概念就可以了。
上述两个句子的连接，如果不用连接词连接，就必须将其中一个句子（一般为从句）的谓语动词改为“动词非谓语形式”，即：
Being ill, he cannot come to the party this evening.关于这个问题，将在“第五讲：动词非谓语形式”具体讨论。
举出上述例子，是想告诉考生一个重要的语法现象：当考题中出现两个句子（或类似两个句子的结构）要求连接时，A，B，C，D选项的正确答案要么是“连接词”，要么是“动词非谓语形式”，其他形式都是错的。这个概念对于应试是非常重要的。
例如：
Some metals are better conductors than others, ______ means that the former has atoms that contain more free electrons than the latter.A.it B.that C.this D.which
不要考虑这个句子是什么意思，首先看到的是这两个句子中间是个“，”号，其考点只有一个，即A，B，C，D四个选项中哪个是连接词。A，C在英语中不是连接词，永远不可能用来连接两个句子。这是个“非限制性定语从句”（具体概念见“第四讲”），故正确答案为D。
又如：
It ______ fine, all the students went to Xishan for a picnic.A.was B.is C.be D.being 这两个句子中间又是个“，”号。显然，这道题的A，B，C，D选项不是连接词，而是“动词”，只有用“动词非谓语形式”才能把这两个“句子”连起来，故正确答案只能是D。
一再强调的一个思想是：对于某些语法题，解题思路比单纯认识几个英文单词更为重要。
英语中，句子的连接有以下几种形式： 1）并列复合句 2）状语从句
3）定语从句（含同位语从句）
4）名词性从句（即主、宾、表语从句）2． 并列复合句
简单地说，由简单并列连词and, but, or，或复合并列连词both… and…, neither…nor…, either…or…, not only…but also…连接的句子称为并列复合句。
重点： 1）and表示“转折” 所以要确定，应根据上下文，特别是两个句子中的用词是“同方向的”还是“反方向的”，前者一般用 “and”, 后者一般用 “but”，.例如：
There was little rain last year______ the farmers still got a bumper crop.这个句中“little rain”（少雨）和“a bumper crop”（丰收）是相反方向的用词，故应填“but”。请回忆一下“第一讲”中的有关示例。3）or-解释为“或者”，表示选择，但在“非真实条件句中”解释为“否则”，引出“含蓄虚拟式” 4）关于复合并列连词，主要注意两个问题，一是“数”，二是句子的“均衡”。
在历年军队职称考试中，并列复合句方面的题出得较少。3． 状语从句
所谓状语从句，是指用来说明主句行为（或状态）发生的时间、原因、条件、地点、目的、结果及方式等。
1)时间状语从句：记住以下连接词的意思和重点：(1)when / while / as（当…时侯）
注意：while除了做时间状语的连接词外，还解释为“虽然…”，“而…”。
例如：He is very diligent, while she is very lazy.(他很勤奋，而她却很懒。)(2)before(after)在…之前（后）
(3)until / not until（直到）注意：not until放在句首时，往往要求倒装(4)as soon as / once(一…就…)(5)immediately / instantly / directly 原本是副词，这里作连接词，表示“一…就…”，例如： I knew I had made a mistake directly(或用immediately / as soon as)I had done it.(刚做完这件事，我就知道我做错了。)(6)the moment / each time / every time / next time / the first time / the instant / the year原本是名词或副词，这里作连接词用。
(7)hardly(scarcely)…when… / no sooner…than…“一…就…” 注意：这是时间状语考试的重点句型，一是不要把两个句型中的when和than的搭配搞错了，二是要用倒装语序。
例如：
Hardly had I sat down when the telephone rang.(我刚坐下，电话铃就响了。)重点：在时间（和条件）状语中，用一般时代替将来时。
例如：
We'll start as soon as the leader ______.(领导一来就开始。)A.comes B.is coming C.will come D.came 根据英语“时态一致性”原则，主句与从句的时态应一致，答案似乎应该是B或C，但是正确答案是A，因为在时间状语中，用一般时代替将来时。将上句改为过去时，道理也一样： He said(that)we would start as soon as the leader _____.A.came B.was coming C.would come D.comes 答案应为A 2)条件状语从句：分真实条件句和非真实条件句（虚拟语气）重点：在条件（时间）状语中，用一般时代替将来时（可参见时间状语从句例子）
虚拟语气（见“第六讲”）
主要连接词：
(1)if / unless(除非 = if not 如果不)例如：
Children should not be taken into the room of a very sick person ______ there is some special reason for it.A.except B.besides C.unless D.whereas 解题思路：根据上面说过的连接原则，这里必须是一个“连接词”，而A，B都是介词，因此正确答案只能在C，D中选。“whereas”意为“而”，故正确答案为C。（不应把儿童带到重病人房间，除非有某种特殊原因。）
(2)provided / on condition that(跟句子)（如果…）知道这也是连接词就可以了，一般说，当考题中出现这种词时，应倾向选择。3)原因状语从句：
主要连接词：because/ since / as 要点：不要把连接词 because与介词短语because of(+ 名词或-ing形式)相混淆；
不要把表示原因的since与表示时间的since“自从…”相混淆；
不要把表示原因的as与表示时间的as“随着…”相混淆；
顺便提一下，because表示直接“因果关系”，而since, as 是对事实的说明，主句和从句之间并不一定具有“因果关系”。
例如：
As you are already 18 years old, you should know what to do and what not to do.(你已经18岁了，应该知道什么该干什么不该干。)这个句子用because连接就不太合适。好在军队职称考试中并不要求作这种分辨。
…for 注意：一般只能放在主句后面，即主句 + for从句，例如： He must have gone to bed, for it is too late.(他肯定已经睡了；现在已经很晚了。)--该句不能用because now that / seeing that / considering that（由于…）
Seeing that this problem was settled, they proceeded to the next one.（鉴于这个问题已经解决，他们开始进行下一个问题。）n …in that（在于…）一般放在主句后面，例如：
Humans are superior to animals in that they can use languages as a tool to communicate.(人比动物高等，因为人能以语言作为工具进行交际。)４)让步状语从句：
主要连接词：although（虽然）/ even if(though)（即使）/ while（尽管）后两个是考试的重点。no matter what…(= whatever无论…什么…)/ no matter how…(=however，无论怎样…)/ whether…or not（不论…还是…）这是让步句考试的重点。
例如：
No matter what(或Whatever)may happen, we will not change our plan.(无论可能发生什么，我们决不改变计划。)No matter how difficult(或However difficult)the journey may be, we will not change our plan.（不管路程有多难，我们决不改变计划。）
We should not worry her whether she is well or ill(或whether she is ill or not).（无论她身体好坏，我们都不应使她烦恼。）注意：no matter what后面跟名词或名词性结构；no matter how后面跟形容词或副词，不要搞错；用了no matter what / no matter how就不能再用whatever / however。
５)比较状语从句：
这是英语语法必考内容，要特别加以重视。
基本概念：两个比较级，三个或三个以上最高级。要对数字“2”特别敏感，试选择： Of Mary and Jane, who is ______? A.smart B.the smartest C.more smarter D.the smarter 解题思路：很显然这是一道考形容词比较级的题目，从句子结构和选题A可以判断smart是个形容词原级，因此可以断定C的形式错了（重复比较，如不能说more happier 一样的道理）。B是最高级，但句中只有两个人Mary 和Jane，因此正确答案只能是D，这是一个较特殊的比较级句型，即the + 形容词比较级 + of(两个)。
比较级的主要句型：
(1)原级比较：as +形容词或副词原级+ as，否定式：not so(或as)+形容词或副词原级+ as 注意问题：as…as 之间的形容词或副词是否采用了原级；as…as 之间该用形容词还是副词；用as much as 还是用as many as 表示倍数时用下面结构，如3倍：three times as …as…
例如：
The size of the island is about ______ that of this one.A.three times as much as B.as three times much as C.as three times greater than D.three times as big as 解题思路：B、C违反了上述句型规定，A、D的区别是size（大小 / 尺寸）是与much搭配还是与big搭配，D是对的。
（2）比较级：more …than…
注意：
1）比较形式是否正确，如是否有类似“more better”这样重复比较的错误； 2）两者之间是比较级，三者以上是最高级，看看是“两者”还是“三者或三者以上;3）只有同类的人或物才能比较（可比性）；比较不能包括”自己“，常用other表示排除。
例如不能说：
He is taller than any students in this class.而应说：
He is taller than any other student(s)in this class.4）修饰比较级的词有：much, even, far, by far, still, a lot, a bit 等，例如： John did badly in the sports meet.I did even worse(than John did).你能看出下句的问题吗？
His salary as a bus driver is more higher than a teacher.(他是个公共汽车司机，他的工资要比教师高。)该句有两个大错1）high的比较级为higher，2）主语his salary（他的工资）而比较对象是a teacher，两者不可比，怎样的表达才是对的呢？请选择： His salary as a bus driver is much higher ______.A.in comparison with a teacher B.than a teacher C.than a teacher's D.than that of a teacher's 正确答案是C，也可以写成than that of a teacher（请联系名词格的概念想一想）最高级the most of +比较范围 / 最高级+名词+that（不是which）定语从句，例如： This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.(这是我看过的最有趣的电影。)the more…the more…
The longer you wear glasses, the more you depend on them.(眼镜戴的时间越长越有依赖性。)考试时，一般只要认准”the“ 和比较级形式就不难判别。
其他表示比较意思的形式
A is superior / inferior to B（A 比B高级 / 低级）
注意：superior/ inferior前不能再加 more 或者less;用to不是用 than。
例如：
Humans are superior to animals in that they can use languages to communicate.（人比动物高级在于人能用语言进行交际。）prefer… rather than(宁可…而不…)例如：
I preferred to stay out in the cold rather than spend the night there.(我宁可呆在外面受冷，也不在那儿过夜。)Would rather…than…..(用法和意思与上句型差不多)6)地点状语从句：
主要连接词：where / wherever / everywhere 注意地点状语从句中where与定语从句中关系副词where的区别与联系： Put the book where it is.(把书放好，即”把书放在该放的地方。)Put the book in the place where it is.以上两个句子的意思是一样的，第一个句子是“地点状语从句”，第二个句子是“定语从句”（详见“第四讲”），where作关系副词修饰the place 7)方式状语从句：
as按时（正如…/ 就象…）
Air is to man as water is to fish.要点：不要把as 与like 混淆，like是介词，不是连接词, 如不能说：All plants need air like they need water，应为：All plants need air as they need water.（所有的植物需要空气，正如他们需要水一样。）
as if / as though（好象…）可以是真实的，也可以是“虚拟”的，如：
The meat tastes as if(though)it has already gone bad.（这肉吃起来好象变质了。--确实坏了）
He speaks English as though(if)he were an Englishman.(他说起英语来好象英国人。--他不是英国人，动词用的是were)8）目的 / 结果状语从句
目的状语从句：
so that / in order that lest / for fear that(惟恐… / 一以免…)注意：该句型一般使用“should型”虚拟式（见“第六讲”）
结果状语从句：
so…that / such…that…/ so that / that / so The professor speaks so fast that we find it difficult to follow him.（这位教授讲话很快，我们感到很难理解他讲话的意思。要点：so + 形容词或副词）
He give me such good advice that I finished the task smoothly.(他给了我很好的建议，因此我顺利地完成了任务。要点：such + 名词)The film was such that everyone was deeply moved.（这部电影如此精彩，每个观众都被深深打动了。要点：such在这里做代词，可以理解为：The film is such a good film that…）
顺便提一下，“…，only to do…” 虽不属于从句，但是是一个重要的表(意想不到的)结果的句型，请记住，例如：
For nearly three hours we waited for the decision, only to be told to return the next day.(为这个决定我们几乎等了三个小时，可结果被告知第二天返回。)从考试角度看，状语从句的重点是：时间、原因、条件、让步和比较
第五篇：状语从句教案
高一英语语法教案
高一英语【北师大版】必修一语法 【一】分词作状语的区别
（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。He went out，shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。
2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.Given more encouragement, the boy could have behaved better 2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。
Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)作宾补时，如果动词和宾语之间是主动关系，用现在分词； 如果是被动关系或者表示状态，用过去分词
we left him crying outside the gate.we found his hands tied behind his back.we found the world outside changed.状态
用过去分词还是现在分词做定语的判断关键：名词与该动作的关系 【二】分词作定语的区别 1.现在分词做定语：
从功能上看，现在分词做定语表示 1）主动（及物）；2）进行（不及物）。做定语：相当于一个定语从句(主动)
Do you know the boy standing at the door?
à Do you know the boy who is standing at the door?
A developing country needs aids.àA country that/which is developing needs aids.They lived in a house facing the south àThey lived in a house that faced the south.The man wearing a red tie is our head.àThe man who wears a red tie(戴红领带)is our head.The workers working in the factory are well-paid.àThe workers who are working in the factory are well-paid.在这家工厂工作的工人报酬很好 2．过去分词做定语
从功能上看，过去分词做定语表示1）被动（及物）；2）完成（不及物）。做定语：相当于一个定语从句（被动），有时侯也表示完成的 The broken window was repaired this morning.The window broken yesterday was….àThe window that/which was broken yesterday was…..昨天被打破的玻璃今早被修好了
The sold hamburgers are not to my taste.The hamburgers sold in this chain are not to…..这家连锁店卖的汉堡不适合我的口味 The hamburgers that/which are sold in this chain are not to….The arrived guests will be led in.（此过去分词表示完成）The guests arrived just now will….刚到的客人将会被带进来 The guests who arrived just now will be….The book that was written by Wang sells well.àThe book written by Wang sells well.The tie that is worn by our head is made in Shanghai.àThe tie worn by our head is made in SH The shoes(that were)made in a small factory are of bad quality.小厂产的鞋子质量差
反之，一个定语从句可以转化为分词做定语的结构
The man I introduced to you yesterday had just returned from Japan.The man introduced to you by me yesterday had just…昨天我给你介绍的那人刚从日本回来
He is a man who is loved by all.à He is a man loved by all.他是个大家所热爱的人 The leaves that have fallen are collected by the cleaners.àThe fallen leaves are collected…
That letter I received last week was from Li.à The letter received last week was from Li.【三】状语从句的省略
一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句；由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句；由 though , although ,even if ,whatever等引导的让步状语从句；由 as ,than 等引导的比较状语从句；由as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时，并非任何成分都可以省略而是遵循下面原则：
（1）当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时且从句中含有BE动词的某种形式时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：
① 连词（as, as if , once）+ 名词
如：Once(he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.庞龙曾经是个工人，现在变成一位著名的歌手。
②连词（though, whether , when）+形容词
如：Work hard when(you are)young ,or you'll regret.趁年轻要努力学习，要不然你会后悔的。
③连词(whether, as if ,while)+介词短语
如：He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他到处看似乎在找什么东西。
④连词(when , while , though)+ 现在分词
如：While(he was)holding talks with President Hu Jintao , US President George W.Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时，感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。
⑤ 连词(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as)+ 过去分词
如：The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.这次展览比被预料的有趣的多
⑥ 连词(as if ,as though)+ 不定式
如：Olympic gold medallist hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if(he were)to speak.奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好象要说什么。
（2）当从句的主语与主句的主语不一致，但从句主语是 it，从句中又含有系动词be 的某种形式时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。如：Unless(it is)necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.如果没有必要，你最好不要查字典。
各种状语从句的省略现象列举如下：
一、时间状语从句中的省略
When(she was)very young, she began to learn to play the piano.她很小时，就开始学习弹钢琴。
While(I was)at college, I began to know him, a strange but able student.我在上大学时就开始认识他，一个奇怪但有能力的学生。
When arriving, send me a telegram.(When you arrive, send me a telegram.)到达之后，来个电报。
Before leaving, turn off all the lights.(Before you leave, turn off all the lights.)走之前，请关闭所有的灯。
Don’t come in until(you are)asked to.不叫你请你不要进来。
Whenever(it is)possible, you should come and help.不管什么时候只要有可能就来帮忙。
You should let us know the result as soon as(it is)possible.你应尽快让我们知道结果。
注：as在引导时间状语从句时，没有这种省略现象。我们不可说As walking, she found a nice shining thing on the ground.二、地点状语从句中的省略
地点状语从句的省略常用下列结构：where(ver)possible, where(ver)necessary，Lay these books where possible you can find them easily.把这些书放在你可能容易找到的地方。
Put in articles wherever necessary in the following passages.在下列文章中需要的地方填入冠词。
三、条件状语从句中的省略
常用的句型是：if necessary, if possible, if true, if anyone等。如：
Send the goods now if(they are)ready.货物如果准备好了，请送过来。
He will come if(he is)asked.如果叫他来，他就来。
If(it is)necessary, ring me at home.如果有可能，朝我家里打电话。
Come along with me if(it is)possible.如果有可能和我一起去吧.。
If(it is)true, this will casue us a lot of trouble.如果是真的，这会给我们带来很多麻烦。
There are few people nowadays, if(there are)any, who remember him.很少有人能记起他。
You should stay where you are, unless(you are)asked to leave.你应呆在你现在的地方不动，除非叫你动。
四、让步状语从句中的省略
He is a good man, though sometimes(he is)rather dull.他真是个好人，尽管有时有点无聊。
Even if(I am)invited to, I won’t go to such a bad lecture.即使邀我去，我都不想听如此坏的报告。
五、比较状语从句中的省略
She can play the piano just as wonderfully as you(do).她钢琴弹的我你弹的一样好。
She has finished the work earlier than(it has been)expected.【四】with复合结构
with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重
要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述,以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。
一、with结构的构成 它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成,复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语,复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当,第二
部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当,分词可以是现在分词,也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下： 1.with或without-名词/代词+形容词； 2.with或without-名词/代词+副词； 3.with或without-名词/代词+介词短语； 4.with或without-名词/代词 +动词不定式； 5.with或without-名词/代词 +分词。下面分别举例：
1、She came into the room,with her nose red because of cold.(with+名词+形容词,作伴随状语)
2、With the meal over , we all went home.(with+名词+副词,作时间状语)
3、The master was walking up and down with the ruler under his arm。(with+名词+介词短语,作伴随状语。)The teacher entered the classroom with a book in his hand.4、He lay in the dark empty house,with not a man ,woman or child to say he was kind to me.(with+名词+不定式,作伴随状语)He could not finish it without me to help him.(without+代词 +不定式,作条件状语)
5、She fell asleep with the light burning.(with+名词+现在分词 ,作伴随状语)Without anything left in the cupboard, shewent out to get something to eat.(without+代词+过去分词,作为原因状语)
二、with结构的用法
在句子中with结构多数充当状语,表示行为方式,伴随情况、时间、原因或条件(详见上述例句)。
With结构在句中也可以作定语。例如： 1.I like eating the mooncakes with eggs.2.From space the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe with a few patches of land sticking out above the water.3.A little boy with two of his front teeth missing ran into the house.三、with结构的特点
1.with结构由介词with或without+复合结构构成。复合结构中第一部分与第二部分语法上是宾语和宾语补足语关系,而在逻辑上,却具有主谓关系,也就是说,可以用第一部分作主语,第二部分作谓语,构成一个句子。例如： With him taken care of,we felt quite relieved.(欣慰)→(He was taken good care of.)She fell asleep with the light burning.→(The light was burning.)With her hair gone,there could be no use for them.→(Her hair was gone.)2.在with结构中,第一部分为人称代词时,则该用宾格代词。例如： He could not finish it without me to help him.四、几点说明：
1.with结构在句子中的位置： with 结构在句中作状语,表示时间、条件、原因时一般放在句子前面,并用逗号与句子分开；表示方式和伴随状况时一般放在句子后面,不用逗号分开。若with结构作定语,则放在所修饰的名词之后,一般不用逗号隔开。
2.with结构作状语时,不定式、现在分词、和过去分词的区别： 在with结构中,不定式、现在分词作宾补,表示主动,但是不定式表示将要发生的动作,而现在分词表示正在发生或发生了的动作；过去分词表示被动或完成。
例如： With the boy leading the way,we found he house easily.(小男孩已领过路)With the boy to lead the way,we will find the house easily tomorrow.(小男孩明天将领路)He lay on the bed with the bedroom door shut.(寝室被关着)3.with结构与一般的with短语的区别： with结构具有上述功能和特点,而“介词with+名词或代词(组)”组成的一般的with短语在句子中可以作定语和状语。作状语时,它能表示动作的方式、原因,但不能表示时间、伴随和条件。在一般的with短语中,with后面所跟的不是复合结构,也根本没有逻辑上的主谓关系。
4.with结构与独立主格结构的关系： with结构属于独立主格结构,但在结构上,with结构由介词with或without引导,名词前有冠词、形容词、所有格代词或其它词类所修饰,结构较松散；而独立主格结构没有with或without引导,结构严密,名词前可用可不用修饰语。在句法功能上,with结构可以作定语,独立主格结构则不能；独立主格结构通常在句中作状语,但也可以作主语,而with结构则不能。
独立主格在口语中不常用,往往由一个从句代替,而with结构较口语化,较常用。例如： There were rows of white houses with trees in front of them.(“with+复合宾语”结构,在句中作定语)A strong man working a whole day could not jump this high.(名词+现在分词构成的独立主格结构,作主语)The boy said,turning to the man,his eyes opened wide and his hand raised.(独立主格结构,表示伴随状况或行为方式,作状语)Then last night,I followed him here,and climbed in,sword in hand.(名词+介词短语构成的独立主格结构,作状语,表示伴随情况)board, she went out to get something to eat.(without+代词+过去分词,作为原因状语)1.John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work _______, he gladly accepted it.（2007 安徽）A.finished B.finishing C.having finished D.was finished 2.----Come on, please give me some ideas about the project.----Sorry.With so much work _______ my mind, I almost break down.(2007 福建)A.filled B.filling C.to fill D.being filled 3.I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise _______.（2005 北京）A.going on B.goes on C.went on D.to go on 4.________ two exams to worry about, I have to work really hard this weekend.(2004 北京)A.With B.Besides C.As for D/ Because of 5.It was a pity that the great writer died _______ his works unfinished.(2004 福建)A.for B.with C.from D.of 6.The young woman _______ a baby sleeping in her arms was wandering in the street.A.with B.because C.on D.like 7.Everyone should go to sleep with the light turned off.A.as B.with C.for D.on 8._______ so many homework to do, Mary won’t have time to play with her friends this morning.A.Without B.With C.By D.Because 9._______ the door open, the noise of the machines is almost deafening.A.Because B.As C.With D.Because of 10._______ his mother out, he had to stay at home alone.A.As B.For C.Because D.With 11._______ all things considered, her proposal is of greater than his A.Like B.With C.On D.Without 12._______ time permitting, we will visit the Summer Palace.A.By B.On C.With D.As 参考答案：1-5ABAAB 6-12ABBCDBC 文 章来源
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