读书笔记——针对中国人的英语900句[推荐阅读]

第一篇：读书笔记——针对中国人的英语900句

读书笔记——针对中国人的英语900句1.Enclosed is a record of my work experience.随函附上„„

2.I would like to begin by expressing my gratitude for your courtesy on my recent

visit to your firm.我首先想就此前在贵公司受到的礼遇表示感谢。

3.I shall feel obliged by a reply at your earliest convenience.我谨对您在百

忙之中给予回复表示感谢。

4.We thank you for your usual kind attention.我们感谢您一如既往的关心。5.I hope that this will be some help to you.我希望能够帮上忙。6.I would be very grateful for information about entry to your college.我想

了解贵校的招生信息。

7.I shall be very grateful to you if you will kindly let me know as soon as

possible the prospect of success for my application.如果您能够尽快告知我的申请成功与否，我将感激不尽。

8.Tonight's a problem.What about tomorrow night? 今晚没空。明晚怎么样？ 9.That's fine with me.我没意见。

10.Whatever you say.我没意见。

11.If the date and time suggested above are not convenient for you, please suggest

an alternative.如果以上提及的日期与时间不方便，请提出建议。

12.Robert, thanks for your help.I really don't know what to say.罗伯特，谢

谢你。我真不知道该怎么谢你。

13.Many thanks for the “Nature”, which I have duly received.《自然》杂志已按

时收到，非常感谢。

14.Please give Linda my regards.请代向林达问好。

15.Please tell her “hello” for me.请代向她问好。

16.With kind regards.谨致问候。(信尾用语)

17.I'm afraid I was rather bad-tempered yesterday.I think I owe you an apology.恐怕昨天我脾气很坏。我想我应该对你说抱歉。

18.Good luck to you.祝你好运。

19.A Merry Christmas to you.圣诞快乐。

20.May you go from strength to strength in the next decade.祝你事业越来越壮

大。

21.May 2003 bring great joy to you.愿2003年给你带来好运。

22.A call for you.找你的电话。

23.There's nobody here by that name.这儿没这个人。

24.Anne's on the line, she wants to talk to you.爱妮打电话来找你。25.It is likely that all telephone numbers on the university campus have an 860

exchange.这所大学校园里所有的电话可能都是860局的。

26.He is every inch a gentleman.他是个彻头彻尾的绅士。

27.How nice to bump into you.碰到你真高兴。

28.First, I will call the roll.首先，我要点名。

29.I got a lot of fun out of playing chess with my computer.我从与电脑下棋的活动中得到很多乐趣。

30.They played a joke on me.她和我开了个玩笑。

31.She enjoys window shopping.她喜欢逛商店。

32.I'm into sports.我是运动迷。

33.He likes to travel and, in this, he resembles his father.他喜欢旅游，在这

一点上，他像他爸爸。

34.He has his heart set on taking a trip abroad.他梦想出国旅游。35.This pearl necklace is very becoming to you.这条珍珠项链很配你。36.That young dress designer has something going for her.这位年轻的服装设计

师一帆风顺。

37.Clothes make the man.人要衣装。

38.The traditional Chinese social order is “scholar”, “farmer”, “laborer”,“merchant”.传统的中国社会阶级是“士、农、工、商”。

39.My parents gave me the green light to marry her.我父母给我娶她开了绿灯。40.Putuo, in Zhejiang Province, is said to be one of the Buddhist shrines.浙

江省的普陀山据说是佛教圣地之一。

41.I used to have bean milk and steamed bread for breakfast.我曾经早饭吃豆

浆，馒头。

42.Rice soup is one of the best foods for patients.稀饭是给病人最好的食物之

一。

43.There are two different schools in Chinese traditional painting, meticulous

painting and free sketch painting.传统中国画有两个流派：工笔和写意。44.“A Dream of Red Mansions”, a celebrated Chinese classic novel, is a

masterpiece of realism written in the middle of the 18th century.著名的中国经典小说《红楼梦》是十八世纪中叶现实主义的代表作。

45.“A journey to the West” is highly praised by critics of literature.文学评

论家高度评价了《西游记》。

46.“Let One Hundred Flowers Blossom and One Hundred Schools of Thought Contend”

is a slogan guiding China's literature.“百花齐放，百家争鸣”是中国文艺的宗旨。

47.We are now making birth control a national priority of the highest order.我们现在把计划生育作为最重要的国策。

48.What line of business are you in? 你从事哪方面经营？

49.Our chief line is the import of computers.我们主要经营电脑进口业务。50.Who is your largest market? 你们最大的市场在哪里？

51.The machine will pay for itself in one year.一年内，机器将收回成本。52.It can increase the immunity of the human body, slow the aging process,increase one's sex drive.它增强人体免疫力，延缓衰老，提高性机能。53.Would you please tell me what your major channels of distribution are? 你

能够告诉我你们的销售主渠道吗？

54.The price is fixed.不还价。

55.The HD-100 is the best-selling product of its kind.HD-100是同类产品中销

路最好的。

56.Your letter expressing your interest in establishing business connections

with us has been received with thanks.我们很高兴收到你们希望与我方建立业务往来的信函。

57.We take the liberty of writing to you with the idea of establishing business

relations with you.我们冒昧写信想与贵方建立业务关系。

58.The feeling is mutual.我们有同感。

59.Let's meet each other halfway.让我们各退一步。

60.I sincerely hope you will give our request your special consideration.我真诚希望您能够认真考虑我们的请求。

61.We could give you a five percent discount during our slow season.我们愿在淡季给你们5%的折扣。

62.We will forward your order at once.我马上就做你的定单。

63.Who is going to sign the contract for your side? 由谁代表贵方签合同呢？ 64.The sellers shall guarantee that the commodity is made of the best material,with first-class workmanship.销售商应保证商品原料优良，工艺上乘 65.Dinner is ready, please come to the table.晚餐已经准备好了，请用餐。66.To the success of your Guangzhou trip!祝你广州之行获得成功！67.My wife presented me with a brand-new baby boy.我太太给我生了个大胖小子。68.I've come to say goodbye.我是来说再见的。

第二篇：高英读书笔记

A Tale of Two Cities

I bought the‘A Tale of Two Cities’ last summer holiday and then I just put it into my book collections and never tried to read it for the whole semester.Recently, I finished reading it---“A Tale of Two Cities” roughly.It is one of Dickens's most important representative works, but a tragic one, I think.Lost in the story, I felt like being together with the characters and the same exciting events.The story is set both in London and Paris at the time of the great French Revolution.It shows the causes of revolution and its effects on people's day-to-day life so impressively.The love story between Charles Darnay and Lucie Manette and their suffering experience is the tiny mirror that shows the real life of common people in France.“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way--in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative

degree of comparison only.”— A Tale of Two Cities , Dickens.We can easily admit that the writing talent of Dickens from this paragraph.The story begins like the above paragraph, and tells the chaotic setting.It augurs something uncommon is to happen.I appreciate this beginning very much.The beauty of language is expressed so successfully.The first time I read it, it arouses my interest at once.I really want to know what’s going on next.So it did not take me much time to read it over.Yes, it was the best of times and it was the worst of times, but for different people.For the King and aristocrats, they had a good time by taxing and ruling the people heavily and cruelly.As for the poor people, they had a miserable time.Even the land could not bare it and produced no good crops and thus people had nothing to hand over.What’s eviler was the aristocracy made their will as the law by using money and the power they have.There were no justice, no equality and no fairness, just like the following plot.It wrote in a period of darkness that a kind-hearted doctor was arrested and sent to the notorious prison Bastille because he delated the aristocrats, the Marquis St.Evremonde brothers for they killing a whole family only for an instant pleasure.How indifferent they are!Not until the revolution broke out and Bastille was captured that Dr.Manette was release.Then with broken heart, he and his daughter moved to England and got to know Charles Darnay there, with whom Lucie felt deeply in love.And Sydney

Carton, a young man who adored Lucie very much, was ready to die for her anywhere anytime.Eventually, he took Charles’s place to be arrested and died for love.It seemed kind of tragic.Although the King and many other aristocrats were sent to death, the situation had not been changed to much better.Because people at that time were out of their minds and they wanted to take revenge as much as possible.Once they belonged to the lowest class and suffered a lot.As the revolution happened, they’ve been changed into people that were full of evil in their hearts.I guess it is the hatred that ruled over their minds.So at the same time the prisoners were set free from Bastille, even more people were put into it, even though they did nothing guilty.At last, for the reason Charles was the son of the marquis, Charles was arrested.But Sydney Carton, a selfless man who wanted to do good for the couple, disguised as Charles and died for him.What a noble man he was!Although he died at last, he lasted forever in my heart.The novel has portrayed many different people.Doctor Manette is honest and kind but suffers the persecution actually.Lucie is beautiful and gentle.Charles is graceful and noble.Lorry is upright and honest.Sydney is semblance of indifferent, innermost feelings of warm.He is unconventional but also selfless and lofty.Miss Pross is straightforward and loyal.Evremonde brothers are cruel and sinister……The complex hatred is hard to solve，the cruel revenge has made more hatreds，loves

rebirth in the hell edge，but take the life as the price.All I saw there were two people died, having a tragic ending.Miss Pross was one of those women who thought nothing of their own needs and who, through pure love and admiration, are ready to make themselves slaves to youth when they have lost it, to beauty which they have never had, and to bright hopes that have never shone upon their own dark lives.As Mr.Lorry said, “there is nothing better in the world than the honest service of the heart”.Since Miss Pross had become like a mother to Lucie and would have given her life for her, she would do everything she could to keep Madame Defarge in the house so that the carriage carrying Lucie could run farther.Madame Defarge was a woman with a very keen eye, a strong face and a great calmness of manner.When the French Revolution broke out, it was her who led the woman and cut off the head of the governor of the prison.She had a strong, fearless and a kind of beauty that called attention to her qualities.Having grown up with a deep sense of wrong and a powerful hatred of the aristocracy, to her, Darnay's family must be destroyed, and the wife and child must follow the ending of the father, just like what she suffered when she was a child.Both were determined woman in their different ways.Hatred had made the heart of the Frenchwoman harder;love now filed the Englishwoman's with courage.It's very interesting to see that each

woman spoke in her own language and neither understood a word of what the other said while each knew well the other's intention.As a result of the combat, Madame Defarge died lying on ground and Miss Pross could hear nothing for the rest of her life.That's one tragedy in my heart.‘I see that I hold a sanctuary in their hearts, and in the hearts of their descendants, generations hence.I see her, an old woman, weeping for me on the anniversary of this day.I see her and her husband, their course done, lying side by side in their last earthly bed, and I know that each was not more honored and held sacred in the other's soul, than I was in the souls of both.’

`I see that child who lay upon her bosom and who bore my name, a man winning his way up in that path of life which once was mine.I see him winning it so well, that my name is made illustrious there by the light of his.I see the blots I threw upon it, faded away.I see him, foremost of just judges and honored men, bringing a boy of my name, with a forehead that I know and golden hair, to this place--then fair to look upon, with not a trace of this day's disfigurement--and I hear him tell the child my story, with a tender and a faltering voice.’

`It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done;it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known.'

I was heavyhearted when reading what Sydney Carton said before he

died and I burst into tears finally.In such a background, sacrifice and blood was inevitable.However, blood could not wash away hatred, let alone took place of true love.The ending tells us to conquer evil with love.Equality and fairness were what people seek, which led to the French Revolution.As a consequence, neither equality nor fairness got after the revolution, and that's another tragedy of the history.

第三篇：忐忑的中国人读书笔记

忐忑的中国人读书笔记

断断续续的终于读完了梁晓声的《忐忑的中国人》，有几点感受。

首先是对梁晓声其人有了更多的了解，从其文章中可以看出他是一个真诚的人，为了写作或者是说为了文学为了良知，他奉献了他的一切。他骨子里有一种执着的精神，他用自己的行动去践行着他所认为对的东西，他用真心诚恳的对待他所做的每一件事。面对社会不公正不阳光现象，他敢于指出，他敢于反抗，敢于斗争。正如其文章所说，他是这个世界的战士，而不是这个世界的贵客或者嘉宾。他看待事物是从一定高度一定深度看的，他往往将自己置身于一个观察者的角度（即使本身是参与者），他从一代人，整个社会或者说历史的角度看问题。他往往跳出来看问题，不管自身的，还是社会的，这刚好与易经中的卦（挂起来看）道理想通。

写作是一件很简单的事，但一位作家却是不容易的。要想成为一位真正的作家，要时刻保持思考的头脑，时刻抓住思维的尾巴，因为灵感稍纵即逝。思考必须要深刻，这要求有知识的积淀和经验的积累。当然，文字功底的要求那是自然的了。还需要一颗执着的心，勇敢的心，勇于揭开时代的面纱，勇于剖开人性的伪装，勇于直面一切黑暗，还要勇敢的按照自己的活法活下来。

关于城市。梁晓声对大城市似乎没多少好感，在他眼中高楼不过是金钱的立体结构，他说深圳太新缺少文化的传统和氛围，而无法养育文学，小说家在这样的城市生活会感到窒息。他抵御深圳的诱惑犹如抵御脂粉气太重的女子可能对他产生的诱惑。人的灵魂需要温馨，而现代文明却纠缠住了现代人，让他们匆匆忙忙，灵魂无处遁形。这不是时代跟着人的感觉在走，而是人跟着时代的感觉走，这样的人是可悲的，他们只是时代的奴隶而已。

关于就业。科技的发展带来产业化，产业化必将摧毁传统的工业模式，这就将导致失业。而在科技产业代替传统产业的转型期，必将导致失业，这种失业是面积式失业，而就业是点式就业。点式就业者必须有大学毕业这一入场券，然后还得有对应的专业。这是现在大学生就业难的问题，有其时代的原因。

关于理想主义。现实导致他告别了理想主义。现实，我们了解的现实或者我们所认为的现实，在多大程度上真的是现实呢？

关于忐忑。理想主义的破灭，让人心介于有盼头与放弃了盼头的无为的焦虑与忐忑之中。变态的房价与高涨的物价无疑是让人们放弃盼头的原因，而如若这些盼头都得以满足之后，人们又将陷入怎样的一种状态呢？安逸、舒适、享乐？那如若他们放弃盼头，似乎现在就可以过上安逸、舒适、享乐的生活。我们能说他们不对吗？

他们在整肃房地产开发热、股票热、特区开发热之前狠狠的捞上一笔，然后去过“好日子”，我们又能拿他们怎么样呢？难道他们不是用知识正确把握形势后所作出的于个人为理性的抉择吗？

第四篇：《忐忑的中国人》读书笔记

《忐忑的中国人》的读书笔记

1、那些忧国忧民之士，他们谈民生看法时，每吸引很多的人，大多数中国人都是普通一民，自然都关注民生。但他们一谈国是，关注的人就少多了。

2、八十年代特流行的比喻是----亮左灯，向右拐。这无疑是将中国比喻为汽车了。意思是国

家理念分明矛盾：在意识形态方面仍以宁左勿右进行控制，而在发展经济方面打破计划经济的条条框框，在市场经济的道路上超速行驶。

3、中国之改革历经三十余年风风雨雨，走到今天，无论国人有多少失望，不满甚至怨恨，有一点是可以肯定的---退是退不回去了。

4、革命比造反复杂。改革比革命复杂。今日之中国，改革之复杂性，又如同“带着镣铐舞

蹈”。革命的一贯策略是借助群众运动。

5、对于所经历的坏事可以不反思，或曰大脑天生不具有反思功能，就个体而言，换一种思

维来想，简直同样是一种幸运。但对一个国家、一个民族而言，则是大的不幸、大的悲哀。换一百种思维还是。

6、而丧失了记忆的国家或民族会变成很“二”的国家或民族。它没有昨天、没有明天，只

有当下。没有昨天的国家或民族不可能思考它的明天；不思考明天的国家或民族不可能真的产生改变当下的行动。而这样的国家或民族的人，行尸走肉般的很“二“地活在当下，其状态与非洲草原上的角马群是差不了多少的。他们的一切行为都只不过是对社会适应与不适应的本能的生存反映，而不是理性态度。

7、我的体会是----政协委员者，国家的复眼而已；重耳而已；社会观察员而已；警报员而已。

将民间实况带到两会上的民间良心的使者而已。

8、因而从前的青年，无论是农村里的青年还是城市里的青年，总体上共同缺乏的，最为缺

乏的，乃是人生的能动力。时代和社会本身，也便渐渐的失去了活力。青年与时代、与社会的关系，几乎完完全全是被动的，是彻底的服从与被主宰的关系。这一种关系一向的没有丝毫的松动。

9、时代发展和进步的惠利，永远不可能像一锅炉加温的、是人的身体舒适无比的淋浴水，通过统一的莲花喷头遍洒在每个人的身上，而且可以有每个人自己来控制水温。

10、那些都叫“命运”。是如基因一样纯粹先天的人生因素，与时代和社会无涉的，也

是难以依赖时代和社会的扶持与幸运者们共舞的。只能靠自己后天对人生的耐受力和对磨难的坚忍，像战士一样而不是想这个世界的贵客和嘉宾一样实践人生

11、在新生的科技产业代替传统产业的转型期，失业是面积式的现象，就业是点式现象，而且科技产业所需要并择优吸纳的，必然是高知识结构青年。

12、归根结底----时代发展的潮流不可抗拒，其实意味着的是这样的法则----倘新的时代

人衍生出来了，他们解决他们和时代的关系的方式也是新的，不可抗拒的。他们与时代共舞向前去的能动力是不可抗拒的。

13、那些伟人和名人，也确有各自的污点和劣点。但是污点和劣点，并不能动摇他们在历史中依然是伟人和名人的地位。

14、一切人的一切政治思想和政治抱负，无不建立在帝王思想的基础之上。

15、马克思从来也不以世界各国“革命家”们的“革命理论家”自居。他一方面天才地

分析“暴力革命”的社会原因，遇预见“暴力革命”的发展趋势；另一方面以忧郁的而并非惊喜的目光审视“暴力革命”。

16、人企图侵犯对方利益却又一次次占不到便宜的话，便会以刮目相看的眼看待对方了

----这是人性真相，也是动物性真相。

17、日本的不忏悔，使它在日中关系中不可能彻底摆脱动物性，相对于中国，日本是小

国，而且中国又日愈强大，动物性是日本平衡内心惶恐的法宝。

18、文化在政治之上，自古如此，没有文化的人类根本就不可能产生文明，没有文化的进步也根本不可能有进步的政治。文化从来都和思想连在一起。丧失了思想力的文化根本就不能成为推动社会前进的先进力量。

19、文化具有抚平社会伤口、呼唤社会稳定的自觉性。但也有前提，便是全社会首先是

政治亦在自觉地或比较自觉地反省错误。文化往往先行反省。但文化的反省，从来没有能够代替过政治本身的反省。

20、文化对社会伤痛的记忆比一般人心要长久，这正是一般人心的缺点，也是文化的优

点。

第五篇：《中国人的精神》 读书笔记

《中国人的精神》 读书笔记

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读完了辜老先生的两册《中国人的精神》 以后深有感触。读到精彩之处 可以拍案而起可以大叫畅快。读到晦涩之处会反复揣摩，反复掂量，读到精髓之处会理清思路、比较我的想法与他有何异同，有时候，会有所保留的接受他的意见，有时候，我理解，但是不接受。

很久没有这么认真的读一本书了，感谢党校培训推荐的书目。虽然前前后后用零碎的时间读了很久才读完，但是真的很有启发，也学到了许多伟大的思想跟一位师兄说我想沉下心来读书了。用我剩下的大学时间做真正有意义的事，也许这也是辜老先生带给我的吧。今天看到有同学拿着书从图书馆出来一副沉浸其中的样子，突然觉得这样做学问，才是我向往的。不过，谁又能知道呢，年轻又肤浅的我，想法时时会变吧。但是最近常常想起小时候读书时那如饥似渴的感觉，长大后被各种世俗的事情冲昏了头脑，都忘记要好好读书了。

下面想以摘录书中的句子为开场白开始我的读后感

看这本书看到现在，有一段话始终是我的最爱，每每读到心中都十分感动：

“真正的中国人也许粗糙，但粗糙中没有粗劣。真正的中国人也许丑陋，但丑陋中没有丑恶。真正的中国人也许粗俗，但粗俗中并无好斗和嚣张。真正的中国人也许愚蠢，但愚蠢中并无荒谬。真正的中国人也许狡猾，但狡猾中并无阴险。”

我不知道辜老先生是怀着怎样的心情写下这番话的，在有人看来是自欺欺人的安慰，在有人看来是真实的写照，在有人看来是为了激励国民宣扬我国，在我看来，是老先生自身一种骨气的写照。从旁人对他的描述中可以发现，辜老先生是一个特立独行的怪人，他在中国的牛津运动中摇旗呐喊，保护中国千年的文化不被康有为等人毁掉，而与他一起的那些翰林院的学士们则被现在的历史书称为迂腐的保守派保皇派，尽管他们的目光确实有所狭隘，但是我们谁又能确切地说康有为等人是成熟又真心的呢？长久的处于一种说辞中的我们，殊不知辜老先生为了真正中国文化和民族精神的流逝痛心疾首，为世人，尤其是他所说的暴民，对君主的误解和反对是多么的愤怒。我常想，也许我们从来没有从光绪或者慈禧的角度想过他们的处境，在国家的生死存亡之际，一人或两人的力量能有多大，能将运转了几千年的封建机器重新翻新使之再次焕发生机呢？也许，是众多人的庸庸碌碌导致了历史的悲剧，而这一条链条上最关键最扎眼的是位于最顶层的皇室罢了。

回到刚才的话题，即辜老先生的骨气和气节。从整篇文章中流露出来的中国人的精神其实有一大部分是老先生的真实写照。清高或者说骄傲，其骄傲程度不亚于现在欧洲人轻视外来人种的程度，这与历史书中讲的中国人自奉为天朝上国有很大相似之处。但是，如果他以相应的礼节被尊重，他并不介意客人说一些他不赞同的观点，他的骄傲还体现在民族气节上，他说：“他们（外国人）以为他们只消招招手，我们就得来。”但是不得到尊重，他绝对不会低头；守旧或者不随波逐流，他一直留着长辫子，他说那是一个标记，是中华末了的一个代表；自恋或者自负，他熟练运用英文德文等，了解各国的哲学，嘲笑美国是一个没有哲学的国家，他有广博的学问却没有聪慧的学生来求知，他满怀抱负，但始终觉得没有得到重用。英国小说家毛姆在拜访他的时候，细致的描绘了他的容貌、言行，现引用辜老先生赠与毛姆的一首小诗：

你不爱我时：声音甜甜，烟波含笑，素手纤纤； 待你爱上我时：声音却变得凄楚了，满眼是泪，睹目痛惜。

伤心啊，伤心之爱使你不可爱。我渴望岁月飞逝，那你就会失去明亮的双眸，桃色的肤肌，和你青春所有灼眼的神气。

到那时我依旧爱你，你才会珍惜我的痴情。令人羡慕的年华转瞬不在，你已然失去了明亮的双眸，桃色的肤肌，和你青春全部诱人的神采。

唉，我不爱你了，即便你上心我也无心再爱。

辜老先生受德国影响较重，在他的作品中常出现歌德的话语，在他关于中国不需要宗教的阐述中，讲到歌德的话：谁有科学与艺术，就也有了宗教。谁两样都没有，就须有宗教。哈，这是多么大的讽刺。一部分传教士们自以为是的闯进我们神圣的国度，口口声声说要给我们信仰，殊不知这种文化侵略对我们千年来的孔孟文化是没有任何撼动的力量的；现在有些新中国人民睁着大眼说中国人没有信仰，缺少宗教，那我请问你们学过的论语、三字经不是给了你们做人最基本的规则了吗？你们的父母不是一直在给你们最基本的供养和关爱吗？你们还需要什么宗教和信仰？！没有宗教我活得很好，我周末有一个上午的时间可以休息或跟家人在一起，还有什么比快乐的过一生更重要呢？有人说犯罪是因为缺乏信仰，有人说自杀率升高是因为缺乏信仰，有人说人在无助时需要信仰，我说，放屁。

我想，关于辜老先生对于应保留君主制的观点，我不能苟同，因为从某种程度上来说他也是一家之言，对于辜老先生关于慈禧的观点我也是当做补充历史知识，但是对于他对宗教的看法，他对于中华民族深邃精神的理解和强烈维护，我是深深的赞同和感动。其实从理想的层面上说，传教士和警察都是没有必要存在的人类社会的产物。